Symbols in The Scarlet Letter Essay examples -- essays research papers

Symbols in The Scarlet LetterIn The Scarlet Letter, symbols appear everywhere. Hawthorne uses several different cover objects to represent something of deeper meaning. Among these symbols is the ruddy garner A itself. It is made of red cloth and beautifully embroidered. It is a literal symbol of the sin of adultery. The letter A appears in several places and several forms. It is the letter that appears on Hesters heart that she is condemned to wear for the remainder of her life. At Governor Bellinghams mansion it is magnified in the breastplate. It seems as though she is concealed behind it. On the night that Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold with Hester and Pearl, a huge letter A appears in the sky. Later, while in the forest, Pearl arranges a letter a on her heart that is made of eel grass. One of the well-nigh dramatic of the As that appear in the book is the A that appears on Dimmesdales chest. Not only does the A symbolize adultery, but it also has several other meanings to the different characters as well. To the community, it is simply a mark of punishment. To Hester, it is a mark of embarrassment and humiliation. To Dimmesdale, the scarlet letter is a reminder of his own guilt. To Pearl, the mark is a mysterious curiosity. To Chillingworth, the A is his chance to get revenge on Dimmesdale. Later, the letter symbolizes Able when Hester wins some see from the townspeople.The scarlet letter is meant to be a symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letters meaning shifts as time passes. in the first place intended to mark Hester as an adulterer, the A eventually comes to stand for Able. Finally, it becomes indeterminate the Native Americans who come to watch the Election Day pageant think it attach her as a person of importance and status. Like Pearl, the letter functions as a physical reminder of Hesters affair with Dimmesdale. But, compared with a human child, the letter seems insignificant, and then he lps to point out the ultimate meaninglessness of the communitys system of judgment and punishment. The child has been sent from God, or at least from nature, but the letter is merely a human contrivance. Additionally, the instability of the letters apparent meaning calls into question societys ability to use symbols for ideological reinforcement. More often than not, a symbol becomes... ... opposed to the strict prude community and laws. However, it is also a place where the witches come and sign their souls to the devil. Therefore, the forest can also symbolize darkness and evilForestOne of the most integral parts of the book, when Hester Prynne speaks to the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale about their predicament, takes place in the forest. When reading the novel, it becomes increasingly apparent that there is a contrast between the forest and the town, as settings. The forest symbolizes a dark and mysterious place where impulses and urges reign and also where the goings-on are to be kep t a secret. The forest is described as dismal, grungy and full of shadows with an imposing, cloudy sky that is filled with threatening storms. When Dimmesdale and Hester first see each other, Hawthorne describes them as being in the world beyond the grave, of two hard drink who had intimately connected in their former life, but now stood coldly shuddering, in mutual dead. Also in the forest, Hester undid the clasp that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it to a distance among the withered leaves....and took off the formal cap that confined her hair.

Essay --

No one knows much of the earliest human settlement. They figure that much of the settlers came around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. About the same time the Beltic Sea was formed. People are almost certain that Finland was inhabited before that period. People accommodate also found tools in caves that link back to a hundred thousand years ago. Most of the citizenry that came to Finland came from Russia. The people hunted beavers and elk with mark tools and weaponry. The tools and weaponry are spread out in Finland. The tools and weaponry have been found near or in sites in Southern Finland. Theyve found clayware dating back to the sixth millennium, BC. The pottery marked the start of the late Stone Age. The other name also referring to the late Stone Age is neolithic period. Finding the ceramics made it easier to identify broad groups of people. It also swear outed make it clear on how the new people made it to the southern side of Finland. They have guessed that the people that m igrated during the ice age are newer than the very first peoples. A lot of the people that migrated came from present-day Estonia. The people that did migrate ended up staying in the Union part of Finland. Thats where all the people with less culture stay because the really do not like new comers. They also found that Finland was a prime bronze trader during the time periods 1700 BC to 600 BC. The bronze was also mixed with stone for the Cairns. The bronze period was where Finland was the main provider for most of the bronze trading. During World War 2 Finlands economy was terrible it started later than everyone elses. When Finland gained its independence the GNP per capita became half of Britains. During the nineteenth century the senate of Finla... ...e. The culture was organized to help the children and the older people. Lots of people work in these types of fields. Finnish people are also modest and humble about what they accomplish. Finnish people sojourn people to be courteous to everyone. One thing in Finland that would get everyone in trouble is waiting for the talker to be done then you screwing talk to them or ask a question. Interrupting someone in Finland is not tolerable, and is extremely rude. Most people that meet in Finland shake hands, keep midpoint contact, and always keep a smile. One rule is that if you are greeting a married couple is to greet the wife first. If you are ever invited into a Finns home always arrive on time and do not be late. Always take off your shoes before entering. Call the air hostess to see if you have to bring a dish when you go over, and help set up the meal and cleanup the meal.

Presidents And Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Presidents and Affirmative ActionIn 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 at HowardUniversity that required federal contractors to undertake affirmative work toincrease the number of minorities that they employ. He wanted to ensure thatminorities were recruited to have real opportunities to be hired and theneventually get a promotion.In 1969, the subdivision of Labor exposed widespread racial discrimination of theConstruction Department so President Richard M. Nixon decided to encorporate asystem of "goals and timetables" to evaluate federal look companiesaccording to affirmative execution. This idea of "goals and timetables" providedguidelines for companies to follow and comply with affirmative actionregulations.During the presidency of Gerald R. Ford, he extended affirmative action topeople with disabilities (3) and Vietnam veterns (4) but there were no goals ortimetables for these two groups. This type of affirmative action requiredre cruitment efforts, accessability, accommodation and reviews of physical andmental job qualifications.President Jimmy Carter unite all federal agencies that were required bylaw to follow the affirmative action play into the Department of Labor. BeforeCarter did this, each agency handled affirmative action in its own individualway, some were not as consistant as other agencies were. He created the Officeof Federal Contract Compliance Program (OFCCP) in 1978 to ensure compliance withthe affirmative action policies.Affirmative action began to go downhill when Ronald Reagan and later George Bushcame into office. Affirmative action lost some gains it had do and was mor orless ignored by the Republicans in the White House and in Congress. Affirmativeaction was silently being "killed" by our federal administrators. exactly among thisdestruction there was one positive aspect, the passage of Americans withDisabilities Act of 1990 (5).Finally to the Presidency of Bill Clinton. The R epublicans are attempting toscare people into changing their party lines by misusing affirmative action.They are saying that affirmative action is nothing more than a quota (6) orreverse discrimination (7).

Hinduism :: essays research papers

I decided to read about Hinduism because this was the only religion I had not been familiar with. Hinduism was originated in India and is still practiced by most of the people in India today. Hinduism is a major world religion with more than 700 angiotensin converting enzyme million million followers. Although all Hindus have it off the existence and importance of many gods, most worshipers be devoted to a single god or goddess. The most familiar are Shiva and Vishnu. Shiva embodies the apparently contradictory aspect of a god of ascetics and a god of the phallus. Shiva is said to have appeared on earth in various human, animal, and vegetable forms, establishing his many local shrines. To his worshipers, Vishnu is all-encompassing and supreme. It is said that a lotus sprang from his belly giving birth to the creator, Brahma. Vishnu created the reality by separating heaven and earth. He also is said to have rescued the universe on a number of occasions. He is worshipped in a v ariety of descents including animals, dwarfs, the man-lion, the Buddha, Rama, and Kalki. The most popular descent of Vishnu is Rama, even though he was a human hero. Vishnu and Shiva are two primary gods of worship. There is a primary goddess of worship called Devi. In some myths it is said that she commands the male gods to do work of destruction and creation.Hinduism is different from Christian theology in respect to the fact that we have only one god. Hinduism has many gods and goddesses even though most Hindu worshipers are devoted to one of these gods. In some ways it is the same when comparing how Hindu worshipers acknowledge different forms of the same god. Christians believe in the Trinity, which is the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Hindus believe in different forms of their god too. They believe that some of their gods can be found in animals, artifacts, or even some mystical creatures. Hindus also believe in one creator even though they give credit for the creation of the universe to the father of this creator. They believe Vishnu gave birth to Brahma who is the creator of humans and trees and everything else on earth. Christians believe that there is only one creator and this creator made heaven and earth and all things on earth. Hinduism also has goddesses in the religion where as Christian theology only really ever teaches about the importance of Mary, the arrest of Jesus.

Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Essay -- Essays Papers

Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Trade Unionism In the second half of the nineteenth century trade trade unionism became much more recognized by governments. The government recognized that it is the right of workers to organize. This fundamental common law principle became a freedom of contract or the concept that people should be free to make bargains with each other and that the law should enforce such contracts if necessary. This became legalized in the year 1871 and by the year 1875 picketing also became legal. By the year 1884 these unions became legalized by Frances Third Republic and also in Germany in 1890. These unions became corporations able to own property and to sue and be sued. This enabled these unions to harbor their funds from defaulting officials. By mid way through the century the main focus of these unions was to organize skilled workers and to improve the working conditions and the wages for the workers. However, by the leftover of the centu ry unions began to focus more on work for unskilled workers. This became the first magazine that there were more unskilled workers than skilled workers in the workplace. In the ten dollar bill before World War I most of the workers were still not unionized. Democracy and Political Parties The late nineteenth century was a great time of improvement for democratic electoral systems. The British passed their second voting reform act in 1867 and then passed a third in 1884. Also in 1871 Bismarck gave universal male suffrage for the German Empire. This had an effect on many other countries as well. Switzerland followed this and adopted universal male suffrage in 1879, Spain did in 1890, Belgium in 1893, Netherlands in 1896, Norway in 1898, and finally Italy i... ... Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Relations Labors Great War http//sunsite.unc.edu uncpress/books/ fall97/mccartin.html This name was not that useful to me because most of it dealt wi th America - Norris,Nicole Boldy going where no British Society has gone before. The Fabian Society 1996 http//www.hput.edu/Academics/English/fabian.htm This article was genuinely useful to me. It gave me a lot of information on Fabianism. - Partington, Geoffrey Trade Unionism and the New Protection http//www.exhibit.com.au/nicholls/nicholls/nichvol16/vol16/vol166tr.htm This article gave me a lot of useful information on trade unionism - Bolshevism vs. Reformism Historical Perspective http//www.plp.org/pl-_magazine/pyatnits.html This article helped me better understand Bolshevism

Essays on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock: Another Analysis :: Love Song J. Alfred Prufrock

An Analysis of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Prufrock is a dramatic monologue, in which it is possible that the speaker is talking to another(prenominal) male, or just talking to himself his alter ego. Throughout the poem Prufrock is too scared to make a move and seize the day because he keeps saying, in that location will be time. His destiny is that he will be old and loveless, hence the irony of the title, because he cannot bring himself to articulate his emotions to another woman. This is actually a pathetic parody of a Lovesong because there is no one to listen to it. Prufrock fears that he will not be heard and this is manifested in the line that refers to the Sirens that prattle to Odysseus to lure him to his death in the ocean, but Prufrock fears that they will not listen to him. The various allusions in the poem need to be understood to gain a better comprehension of what is going on. When he says that he should have been a pair of ragged claws this could be seen a s a reference to Polonious character in Hamlet, one who is getting old (a fear of Prufrocks) or it may be that he wants the brainless life of a little creature that scuttles along the sea and has no troubling finding a mate because it requires no effort He talks about the endless places to meet women, but it is no sound because he and causes no anxiety in Prufrock because it is easy and primal. The entire poem expresses his fear of women and the fact that he cannot successfully relate to them. He asks, Do I dare? and, Do I dare? / Time to turn back and descend the stair He still has time to go back to the fellowship and take a chance, but he hesitates, and associates himself with Hamlet, who is also hesitant, but who finally decides to act in the end of the play.

Linen and Laundry Service in Off Premise

Different types of hotel in the Philippines Many people visit the Philippine Islands each year in order to enjoy its picture absolute views and Asian hospitality. Luckily, there are several types of hotels available in the Philippines that make it possible for anyone to afford a trip. Whether youre looking for student-budget type lodging, luxurious accommodations or something in between, the Philippines has got you covered. Luxury Hotels Luxury hotels are available across the Philippines and are an ideal type of hotel if youre looking for refined surroundings.Theyre a great option for honeymooners or anyone who desires to be treated like royalty for a while. This type of lodging facility will ensure that you are fully pampered and leave you feeling like your gold was very well spent. Consider these top- rated luxury hotels located in the Philippines. Diamond Hotel, Manila This 27-story, five star hotel is located in Manila and radiates class and elegance. Its located in a great area, Just minutes away from museums, parks, convention centers and shopping malls. Your accommodations, from the sheets on your bed to the towels in your bathroom, are guaranteed to be top-of-the-line quality.If you stay here, earn advantage of the exquisite guestrooms, bars and restaurants. Location Rosa Blvd. Core. Dry. J. Quintus SST. Manila 1000 Web Demimondaine. Com Marimbas Blurter beach resort, Zebu Indulge yourself at the Marimbas Blurter Beach Resort in Zebu. engage from rooms located on the beach wing (including bungalows), the garden wing, or the Mama Spa wing and enjoy authentic Filipino hospitality. This is the ideal hotel to entertain if youre looking for relaxation and deluxe accommodations. Location Marimbas, Buying, McCann Island Zebu 601 5 Web www. Blurter. Com. PH/marimbas/home. P Budget Hotels A budget hotel is ideal for business travelers and those who dont require frills and want to save some money. There is a variety to choose from across the Philippines a nd all offer affordable rooms and Filipino hospitality. If youre looking for a pleasant bed and great bargain, opt for a budget hotel while in the Philippines. The Legend Hotels organization has hotels all across the Philippines, including the Legend Villas, Legend Palatal, Mayhap Manor, Cabana Cloacae, Cabana Cuba and Cabana Papas. to each one one is owned and managed by Filipinos, which give them n authentic Filipino flavor.They offer value rates that make rooms affordable for many people and each room is different from the others. Location 2650 A. Boniface SST. , Magmata urban center 1233 Web Lighthouses. Com. PH SST. Aliens Inn, Magmata This boutique-style budget hotel in Magmata has a great sense of charm. It provides guests with basic conveniences and is a practical choice for any traveler. Enjoy yourself in the inner courtyards and take in the classic architecture during your stay. Location 7461 Scintilla Street, Poi del Pillar Magmata City 1230 web Scintillating. M Hoste ls Hostels are the best solution for the budget traveler who likes to meet new people from all over the world. By staying at a hostel in the Philippines you can save a substantial amount of money each night, making the overall cost of your vacation much lower. Prices per person, per night, plod anywhere from $5 to $50. Here are a few excellent hostels to choose from. Townhouse Manila You cant beat paying less than $10 for a bed. The Townhouse open up in 1986 and has served as a comfortable place to sleep for people from more than 85 countries.

Catastrophe Model of Construction Dispute Negotiation Behavior

The manifestation industry is apparently integrity of the major sectors of Hong Kong device economy, and as Kenneth and Sai (2006) noted, buildings, the result of construction industrys activities, are part of the built environment in which several valet activities occur.As a result of the arduous reliance on team work and collaboration, construction activities are often prone to bout, although it is apparent that this could also be obtainable in some other organisational settings. Infact, these authors opine that the traditional construction contracting methods in several countries creates adversarial tendencies in the project team, which tend to foster conflict and thus conflicting behaviors in construction activities.It is a known fact that one of the primary indicators of construction success is the timely completion and delivery of the project. However, for any construction project to be correct and delivered as scheduled, a cooperative working environment is vital.In th is light, Harmon (2003) suggested that the characteristic adversarial relationship and lack of a cooperative environment of construction organizational settings constitute one of the major factors that affect timely completion of construction projects.Because of the apparent importance of conflict management in construction, as well as in almost other organizational settings, several scholarly works exist on conflict, conflict behaviors and conflict management. The term conflict has been severally defined, from different perspectives, even at heart construction literatures, as a result, several different understandings of conflict behaviors, and by extension conflict management styles, have been proffered.Kenneth and Sai (2006) argued, however, that the numerous construction literatures on conflict have essentially focused on conflict causes, prevention and management within a contractual and/or legal context. They suggested that equal importance should be accorded the human bein gs factors bear on in conflicts, since according to them, conflicts is stemmed and handled by the people involved, thus the role played by human factors, especially behavior, should be considered an implicit in(p) part of conflict management.It is this call that this paper intends to heed. This paper intends to look at construction conflict from the behavioral perspectives using Rene Thoms Catastrophe Theory. It has been suggested that continuous changes in human behaviors often display a discontinuous lapse.In this light, it has been argued that the catastrophe theory provides a grounded approach for modeling conflict behavior in construction (Kenneth and Sai, 2006 p.439). This paper emphasizes the human factor in conflict by examining behaviors in response to conflict, known as conflict behavior it then attempts to use a model of the catastrophe theory to explain construction conflict behaviors.ConflictConflict is a natural outcome of the interrelationships between respective( prenominal)s and groups. As a result, it is a very common and general phenomenon that mountain hardly be conceptualized in a simple definition. The interaction between individuals and groups brings to the fore, individual differences in goals, objectives or perspectives.The tension created by these differences, when identified by the parties involved is usually the cause of conflict. Several authors have offered different definitions or concepts of what constitute conflicts (Allred, 2000), however, there is hardly any definition that completely subsumes the entirety of conflicts from both the individual or organizational context.For example, Rahim et al (2000) positing that conflict is borne out of human interactions explain that conflicts begins when one individual perceives that his/her goals, attitudes, values or beliefs are not compatible with that of the others (Rahim et al., 2000 p. 9). Here conflict is defined from the context of individual relations.Examining conflict from an organization context, Roloff (1987) argue that conflict begins when members of a team/organization engage in activities that are considered incompatible with those of colleagues within their network, members of other collectivities, or unaffiliated individuals who utilize the services or products of the organization (Roloff, 1987 p.496 quoted in Rahim, 2002).

Impact of Global Financial Crisis

The effect of the worldwide financial crisis on Australia has been considerably less, compared to the other affected countries. The Australian economy has revealed better outcomes than most other developed economies, which experienced recessions and rises in unemployment. Also the Australia banks have managed to be profitable without requiring any capital injection from the Government.The perceptible collision of the financial crisis on most Australian households was the large decline in equity prices, which reduced the wealth of Australian households by nearly 10% by March 2009. However, since the trough In equity markets In March 2009, the local market had recovered half of Its decline by the end of November 2009. The Australian dollar also depreciated rapidly and sizeably as the crisis intensified, declining by over 30 per cent from its July 2008 peak.Around the time of the Lehman ankruptcy, conditions in the foreign exchange market were particularly illiquid, trace the Reserv e Bank of Australia (RBA) to Intervene In the market to enhance liquidity. Since March 2009, as fears abated, the Australian dollar largely recovered, reflecting the relative strength of the Australian economy. The acknowledgment and money markets in Australia have also proven to be more resilient than in many other countries, necessitating considerably less intervention by the RBA than occurred in many other countries.In large part this reflected the health of the Australian banking system. The Australian banks had almost no holdings of the toxic securities that severely affected other global banks. The health of the Australian banking system facilitated the effectiveness of the monetary and fiscal response, particularly by allowing much of the large easing in monetary policy to be passed through to interest rates on loans to households and businesses, in stark contrast to the outcome in other developed economies.

Bullying and School Essay

Bullying has become wizard of the most serious issues facing our schools today. Weve all heard the sad tales of chelaren, some as tikely as 11, committing suicide because they could no longer deal with the intimidateing they experienced in school. In July 2008, the U.S. Congress began work on legislation for H.R. 2262, the Safe take aim Improvement Act, which would require schools to collect information, establish disciplinary guidelines and develop a system for registering complaints to combat blustery in our schools. However, as school counselors we cant wait for laws to be passed to take locomoteion. We take to make a difference now.I started my quest to verification browbeat at Midway Elementary school in Midway, Utah, six years ago. I attended conferences, read books and studied various programs. I learned a lot about the statistics and issues but lilliputian about specifically what to do. So I began taking steps to develop a program that would dish out my school and some others combat school push around. In my wait for knowledge I discovered a fascinating study by Dr. Kenneth Merrell from the University of Oregon on the effectiveness of school bullying intervention programs. The study results showed that bully intervention programs, especially those aimed specifically at bullies, were effective in raising the level of sensation among students and staff but did little to reduce bullying airs. Merrell, on with others, recommend a comprehensive comprehensive approach to bully stripe. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, programs cracking down on individual bullies r arly work, but when there is a schoolwide load to end bullying, it can be reduced by up to 50 percent.Program FrameworkAs my program evolved over the years I identified four hallmarks of a successful schoolwide bully prevention program.Lead to systemic change fortunate programs bring about systemic change. The factors modify to bullying in wha tsoever school environment are complex and nebulous. The only way to have an clash on these critical factors is to cast a wide net. There must be change at all levels in the school environment and in the community. You are literally changing the culture of the entire school. You take on to go for all existing programs and resources such as comprehensive school counseling programs, optimistic behavior interventions and supports, character facts of life, the parent-teacher organization, schoolwide discipline programs, grade-level teams or professional learning communities and more.Garner commitment from all schoolwide bully prevention programs require commitment from all stakeholders. Although your school whitethorn have a small team to oversee the bully prevention program, collaboration among administrators, school counselors, teachers, students, parents, secretaries, custodians, lunch workers, librarians, bus drivers, etc. is essential for success.Teach comprehensive strategi es and skills Effective programs are comprehensive. Teaching students about specific issues related to bullying is only one aspect of an effective schoolwide program. There are many supporting concepts and social skills you also need to orchestrate, such as conflict resolution, tattling vs. reporting, respect, accepting differences, teasing, cliques, relational aggression, cooperation and more. Effective data analysis will befriend you identify many of these specific needs.Continue year after year Many times schools will bring in a pre-packaged bully prevention program, have a big anti-bullying campaign, raise a lot of awareness and then call it good. Effective bully prevention programs are non a one-shot deal. Effective prevention programs are non deterrent. They require intervention, data to assess the programs effectiveness and components, and ongoing specific targeted interventions for bullies, their victims and the bystander population. fall upon ComponentsEight make compo nents, best implemented sequentially, have led to the success of Midway Elementarys bully prevention program.Administrative support An super valuable aspect of starting a bully prevention program is soliciting the support of your school administrators. Without strong and effective channelership, systemic change is difficult. As leaders in the school, administrators should become experts on bullying issues. They should form a bully prevention team and identify a go-getter staff member to lead this team.The administrators need to develop an anti-bullying code of conduct and communicate it to all stakeholders, especially students. Most importantly, administrators should establish the tone and expectations for students and staff and outline clear and consistent consequences for students who go the anti-bullying code of conduct. Consequences should be based on a level system for first and subsequent offenses. It is important to follow district guidelines when establishing the level s ystem.School administrators should utilize a behavior referral system to pull up stakes valuable data. The behavior referral system should include specific information that will help provide think aboutingful data to identify areas of concern and needs. Administrators should involve parents of both victims and bullies, especially for excerpt offenders, to discuss concerns, outline consequences and form a strategic plan to stop the bullying behaviors.Schoolwide positive behavior interventions and supports program If your school doesnt have a PBIS program, I would highly recommend implementing one. Use the PBIS program to establish clear schoolwide rules. The rules should be specific to location, taught to all students and posted throughout the school. Introduce coveted behaviors, clearly teach them and then model them. Once youve taught the behaviors, reinforce student residence using a variety of incentive programs. Use data to measure the effectiveness of your program and to i dentify ongoing areas of concern. information I use dickens types of data, behavioral referral data and surveys given to students, parents and staff. Data can provide baseline information, measure the effectiveness of your program, discover areas of concern and identify chronic bullies and their victims. Online surveys will help gather subjective data to assess stakeholders level of concern, to measure student awareness and knowledge, to solicit input from staff members and to assess parent perspectives and concerns. Office behavior referral data provide objective data for analysis. Behavior referral forms or systems should include information directly related to bullying. By regularly reviewing these data, you can identify types of bullying, locations, repeat offenders and victims. Upon identifying specific problems, bully prevention team members should develop a plan of action to deal with the issues.Staff dressing All staff members should receive education to include definitio ns of bullying, types of bullying, effects of bullying on victims, school code of conduct and expectations, legal liability based on state law and, most importantly, how to deputise when they witness bullying incidents or a student reports it to them. Make sure your staff training includes teachers, administrators, specialists, secretaries, lunch staff, custodians, aides and bus drivers.Student awareness and education Give all students a basic introductory lesson including definitions for bullying, types of bullying with examples, school code of conduct and expectations, what to do when they are bullied or how to help others as bystanders. Students need to learn about the importance of mouthing up and supporting each other with the skills they learn. Establish a common language for discussing bullying issues, and post it in every classroom and in key locations throughout the school.Critical social skills training Once youve taught them the basics, students need additional informat ion and skills to increase their level of awareness and to deal with bullying issues. At Midway Elementary, weve spent time on topics such as tattling vs. reporting, conflict resolution, teasing, relational aggression/cliques, cooperation, caring, respect and any other topics that come out of the stakeholder surveys or behavior referral data. Develop classroom guidance lessons to specifically address these needs, and teach students the skills and knowledge necessary to reduce the problem.Targeted interventions for bullies and victims Data analysis will help you identify chronic bullies and their victims. These students most likely will need highly targeted interventions and supports. When it comes to intervention for bullies there is no silver bullet. The factors add to the reasons why babyren bully others are complex and often almost impossible to identify. Research also suggests that interventions such as out-of-school suspension, peer mediation and free radical counseling for bullies arent effective. Effective interventions include individual counseling/education on issues such as developing empathy perspective taking social skills training anger management conflict resolution and identification of psychological disorders such as ADHD, depression and anxiety.Teaching bullies pro-social leadership roles and opportunities for self-competence and success may also be useful. Behavioral strategies such as behavior contracts, check-in/check-out programs, parent meetings, etc. may also be required to facilitate change. It is also important to provide intervention for repeat victims, especially chronic victims. Interventions may include providing an adult advocate, individual or group counseling, social skills training, peer support, structured recess, etc. You may need to refer some students to outside help for more therapeutic interventions to address self-esteem issues, depression and anxiety.Program generalization Once youve taught pro-social behaviors in th e classroom, you need to generalize these newly acquired behaviors to various conditions and situations. An effective PBIS program is a great way to teach, model and reinforce desired behaviors. Give appropriate incentives to students who demonstrate the desired behaviors along with verbal praise providing specific examples of why the student is being rewarded. Other program generalization ideas may include* Posters placed in key locations throughout the school to remind students and staff about the bullying code of conduct and a schoolwide common language. * only iftons worn by both students and staff as a symbol of the schools commitment to stop bullying. * Student spotlight programs to celebrate students who are positive role models. * Assemblies and student pledges to care off the school year and to promote school commitment or unity. * Parent and community education via parent/teacher conferences, parent newsletters, school vane sites, community newspaper articles, PTA and c ommunity council meetings. School bullying and hazing issues are complex and multifaceted.They require a comprehensive approach to increase the probability of addressing many of the contributing factors. School counselors are in a unique position to promote a comprehensive approach because of their training and expertise in the social and frantic wellness of pip-squeakren and adolescents. School counselors who are trained in the ASCA National Model are familiar with the use of data to drive programs and the delivery of interventions. School counselors transform the importance of early intervention and prevention to promote positive outcomes in behavior and academics. Systemic change requires leadership and, as John Quincy Adams said, If your actions inspire others to stargaze more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader.Parents can play a central role to preventing bullying and stopping it when it happens. Here are a few things you can do. * Teach kids to solve pr oblems without using violence and praise them when they do. * Give children positive feedback when they behave well to help their public figure self-esteem. attend give them the self-confidence to stand up for what they believe in. * Ask your children about their day and listen to them talk about school, social events, their classmates, and any problems they have. * Take bullying seriously. Many kids are embarrassed to say they have been bullied. You may only have one chance to step in and help. * If you see any bullying, stop it right away, even if your child is the one doing the bullying. * Encourage your child to help others who need it.* Dont bully your children or bully others in introductory of them. Many times kids who are bullied at home reactby bullying other kids. If your children see you hit, ridicule, or gossip about someone else, they are also more likely to do so themselves. * Support bully prevention programs in your childs school. If your school doesnt have one, c onsider starting one with other parents, teachers, and concerned adults.When Your Child Is BulliedMany kids are embarrassed to be bullied and may not tell their parents or another adult right away. If your child comes to you and asks for help with a bully, take it seriously. Many times, if kids arent taken seriously the first time they ask for help, they dont ask again. Even if your child doesnt turn to you for help, you can watch for these warning signs that he or she is being bullied. Kids who are bullied often experience* Withdrawal* A loss of friends* A drop in grades* A loss of interest in activities he or she previously enjoyed * Torn clothing* Bruises* A need for extra property or suppliesIf you think your child is being bullied or if your child has told you that he or she is being bullied, you can help. Parents are often the best resource to build a childs self-confidence and teach him or her how to best solve problems. Here are a few ways you can help * blab to your child s teacher about it instead of confronting the bullys parents. If the teacher doesnt act to stop the bullying, talk to the principal. * Teach your child nonviolent ways to deal with bullies, like walking away, playing with friends, or talking it out. * Help your child act with self-confidence. With him or her, practice walking upright, sounding people inthe eye, and speaking clearly.* Dont encourage your child to fight. This could lead to him or her getting hurt, getting in trouble, and beginning more serious problems with the bully. * use up your child in activities outside of school. This way he or she can make friends in a different social circle. Some children seem to be bullied all the time, while others rarely get picked on. Why do some kids seem to attract all of the bullies? Kids who are bullied often * Are different from other kids, whether by size, race, sexually, or have different interests * Seem weak, either physically or emotionally* Are insecure* Want approval* Wont tell on their bulliesWhen Your Child Is a BullyIts hard for any parent to believe that their child is a bully, but sometimes it happens. But just because your child bullies doesnt mean that he or she will bully forever. Parents are one of the best resources to help their child stop bullying and start interacting positively with their classmates. Your child may bully if, he or she* Lacks empathy and doesnt sympathize with others* Values aggression* Likes to be in charge* Is an proud winner and a sore loser* Often fights often with brothers and sisters* Is impulsiveWhat you can do to stop your child from bullying* Take it seriously. Dont treat bullying as a passing phase. Even if youre not worried about long-lasting effects on your child, another child is being hurt. * Talk to your child to find out why he or she is bullying. Often, children bully when they feel sad, angry, lonely, or insecure and many times major changes at home or school may bring on these feelings. * Help build e mpathy for others and talk to your child about how it feels to be bullied. * Ask a teacher or a school counselor if your child is facing any problems at school, such as if your child is struggling with a cross subject or has difficulty making friends. Ask them for advice on how you and your child can work through the problem. * Ask yourself if someone at home is bullying your child. Often, kids who bully are bullied themselvesby a parent, family member, or another adult.http//www.ncpc.org/topics/bullying/what-parents-can-doHow can parents help to prevent bullying at their childs school? * Talk with and listen to your kids every day. Research shows that approximately half the children who have been bullied never tell their parents about it. Children are often too ashamed of themselves to tell anyone sometimes they feel that no one can help, not even their parents.1 * Spend time at school and recess. Research shows that 67% of bullying happens when adults are not present. Whether yo u can volunteer once a week or once a month, you can make a real difference just by showing up. * Be a good example of kindness and leadership. Your kids learn a lot about power relationships from watching you. Any time you speak to another person in a hurtful or abusive way, youre teaching your child that bullying is ok.* Learn the signs. If you suspect that your child cleverness be bullied, talk with your childs teacher or find ways to observe his or her peer interactions to determine whether or not your suspicions top executive be correct. * Create healthy anti-bullying habits early. Help develop anti-bullying and anti-victimization habits early in your children, as early as kindergarten. Coach your children what not to do hitting, pushing, teasing, being mean to others. Equally if not more importantly, teach your children what to do kindness, empathy, fair play, and turn-taking are critical skills for good peer relations. * Help your childs school address bullying effectivel y. Whether your children have been bullied or not, you should know what their school is doing to address bullying. Research shows that zero-tolerance policies arent effective. What works better are ongoing educational programs that help gain a healthy social climate in the school.* Establish household rules about bullying. Your children need to hear from you explicitly that its not normal, okay, or passable for them to bully, to be bullied, or to stand by and watch other kids be bullied. If your child is bullying, you can help him or her find other ways to utilise their personal power, status, and leadership at school. Work with your child, his or her teachers, and the principal to implement a kindness plan at school. * Teach your child how to be a good witness. Children can often effectively diffuse a bullying situation by yelling Stop Youre bullying Must bullies stop within 10 seconds when someone tells him or her to stop.* Spread the word that bullying should not be a normal p art of childhood. Some adults hesitate to act when they observe or hear about bullying because they think of bullying as a typical phase of childhood that must be endured. It is important for everyone to understand that all forms of bullying physical, verbal, social (gossip, rumors, exclusion from the group), and cyberbullying are NOT a normal part of childhood. * Adults (teachers and parent volunteers) in the classroom should be aware of class social structures. Which children typically affiliate together? Which children are leaders and socially influential? Which children are socially marginalized? Purposefully pairing and grouping children so that children who bully and those who are victims can work together helps to prevent bullying outside the classroom.

Airborne Internet †Paper Essay

Airborne Internet is a concept that overlays computer network theory and principles into the transportation realm. The goal is to take in information connectivity by providing a general excogitation, multi-application info channel for people in transit. It is an approach to provide a general purpose high f number digital network to aviation. In doing so it has the potential to provide significant cost savings for aircrafts operators and the FAA, as it allows the consolidation of many functions into a common data channel. Numerous applications can use the same data channel.It gets its name from the fact that it works like the real internet. AirborneInternetbeganasasupportingtechnologyfor NASAs Small Aircrafts Transportation System. But there is no reason that A. I should be limited to SATS-class aircraft. All of aviation, and even transportation, has the potential to benefit from A. I. Airborne Internet provide a general purpose data channel that numerous applications can use. By combining application and data functionality over a common data channel, aviation has the potential to importantly reduce costs for equipage on the ground and in the aircraft.The demand for Internet services is exploding and this creates a strong demand for broadband, high data charge per unit service. It is expected that there will soon be a worldwide demand for Internet service in the hundreds of millions. The growth in use of the human beings Wide Web and electronic commerce will stimulate demand for broadband services.

Pakistan Of My Dreams

Dreams are natural. That is why everyone in this world is prone to dream. One always makes a devise about his future. So I have a Pakistan of my dreams which would be different fro the present one. First thing it would be a Pakistan in which there depart be no racism communalism and provincialism. First of all I would root out communalism whatever its shape or from may be. All such tendencies which caramel brown the forces of separatism and disruption would be eliminated. Unity will be celebrated.Next I want Pakistan to be scientifically advanced, technologically better and unsophisticatedly sound. I would like to get on a Pakistan where science and scientific ideas and not the blind faith and fanaticism, crude emotionalism and coarse sentimentalism would rule. I would like to bring Pakistan at the apex of scientific and technological progress. The Pakistan of my dreams would be a Pakistan which is self sufficient in food All the waste and barren lands would be cultivated for ac hieving self sufficiency in food grains.Agriculture would be given special attention because agriculture is the base of Pakistan economy. An agrarian revolution would be brought about by launching intensive agricultural programmes and farmers would be asked to use better seeds and fertilizers. I would like the country to be highly industrialized. This is the age of machines and industrialization of the country is a must if the country is to taken to the zenith of progress and prosperity with out industry the country cannot make progress. I would also strengthen Pakistans defense.The country would e so strong that no enemy would ever dare to cast her covetous eyes on the sacred soil of Pakistan. Defense and security of the country would be of paramount importance. For this the country would be equipped with all the paraphernalia of modern defense. Abolition of ignorance and illiteracy would be my next endeavours, because these are a curse. People would be educated on a mass scale t hen the system of democracy would be workable. The next thing which I would like to see in Pakistan of my dreams would be the abridgement of the whirl between the rich and the poor.National income would be disturbed rationally among he sections of the society. Provision of food housing and clothing to one and all would be given go along priority in the Pakistan of my dreams. For achieving and accomplishing this socialism would be the only remedy which if practiced sincerely would unfeignedly usher Pakistan in an era of economic equality. Thus Pakistan would really be counted among the leading powerful countries of the world and would also guide those countries which are still slaves of big powers.

Billy Elliot †Film Review Essay

Recently I watched a film entitle nightstick Elliot. I personally thought that the film was great in several ways, scripts, film techniques .etc. any aspects of the film were thought out with detail. The film was set in 1984 when the miners belabor took place. The unique setting adds to wherefore I like this film so much. he-goat Elliot was directed by Stephen Daldry, and 1st published in the year 2000. Today this film still re principal(prenominal)s popular as a family movie. The story was told from the main character point of view, that is Billy Elliot (Jamie Bell). Billy was an eleven year old boy who has a reverie to become a ballet dancer, after inheriting his mothers love for dance and music. Unfortunately, Billys envisage was opposed by his father, Jackie (Gary Lewis) and his brother (Jamie Draven). Every member of Billys family were char miners and expected Billy to follow the same footsteps. However, this does not shatter Billys dream. Billy, supported by his friend, Michael (Stuart Wells), chooses to attend ballet classes outside his familys knowledge.The films setting was in 1984 when a yearlong strike took place in Britain. Billys parents happen to be the coal miners involved in the strike. Throughout the film, the familys struggle through the strike was filmed with much detail. Meanwhile Billy Elliot hopes to be a dancer. Billys father has already had enough struggles with the strike, and is enraged when he finds out the Billy has been attending classes without him knowing, and forbids ballet. Billy still remains firm and continued to pursue his dreams. Would Billy achieve his dream? Watch the film and find out.The main theme of Billy Elliot is mainly family issues and stereotyping. The film was set in the 1980s when stereotyping was done often. This affects Billy who wants to become a ballet dancer. Unfortunately, it was not only the public who assort but Billys family too After neither Billy nor his family are giving in to either accept B illys wish or to give up, family issues occur. The harsh struggle during the strike means even more family issues.If you pay attention various film techniques were used such as music, the lightings or the cameras angle. An example would be the image of the sky representing that the world is opening up as Billy is leaving for London. Sad moments include when everybody else is indoors celebrating Christmas as on the contrary, Billys father has to destroy the piano for wood to burn.The movie Billy Elliot is directed towards any age group, just it is not recommended for children under thirteen due to inappropriate aspects such as swearing or violence. overall I give the film was great and I give it four out of five stars.

Spending Money on Fashion

Spending Money on Fashion Every year, all around the world, many an(prenominal) population glide by their gold for fashion to have the lift out look and attract others attention to themselves. They cleverness prefer to buy classic uniform or fads, but which one is better? To answer this question, individuals should envisage of different things that major power affect their mind about fashion. First thing that comes to most of the tribes mind is money. Everyone female genitals be the best-looked errors, but they might need a lot of money to buy the best clothes.People can non spend all of their money on their clothes because fashion is not the only thing that is important, so the best logical way to solve this problem is to buy the things, which they can be sure that they will stretch forth that more than once and it will remain for them and they did not spend their money on garbage. Many mass may prefer to be up to date and wear the clothes which argon trendy. This type of people used to wear fads.Fad is an intense and widely shared enthusiasm for something, especially one that is short-lived and without bottom in the objects qualities it is a craze. These people are brave because they are taking risk and buying something that might not be trendy in such a close time. They do not caveat about this, and they fearlessly buy fads. On the other hand, there is another group of individuals this set of people use to wear clothes which they can make sure they can wear them later, whenever they want, and t is not a periodic looking.This set, used to wear classics. Classics are Judged over a period of time to be of the highest quality and outstanding of its kind. In my opinion, these individuals are deciding logically and they are actually thinking of their money. Because they are having a chic look by buying classics and at the same time, they are saving their money because they can wear their clothes at any time and they can be sure that their clothes pa ssed the time exam.

Lack of interest in mathematics Essay

This paper explores the behaviour, attitudes and beliefs of primary school pupils towards maths in the classroom and the shock absorber that this may give birth on their mathematical ability. The study pore on year 3 pupils from a local school, some of whom took referenceity in focus groups towards the end of the realize. The children completed short worksheets, which were used to construct a guided discussion on what aspects of maths the children liked and disliked. The aim of this project was to isolate applicatory causes of negative attitudes towards maths and to discuss what their implications might be. Keywords Primary, Attitudes, Purpose, Anxiety, Confidence, Language, ReflectionIntroductionMathematicians have long held a high gear train of respect amongst their academic peers. Yet the subject of mathematics, although revered, remains a source of anxiety and fright for a large number of people. Widespread negativity towards mathematics appears in many forms, from misrepresentation in the media to the social stigma that discoverms to surround those who ar mathematic on the wholey gifted. Children oft set mathematics aside as a cause for concern, despite their limited exposure to it (Hoyles 1982). It is a subject unlike to the highest degree others, since it requires a considerable amount of perseverance from the individual in order to succeed.A negative attitude towards mathematics could considerably reduce a persons willingness to persist with a job. Without the ability to persevere, mathematical culture is likely to be difficult. The part of this project is to de termine the possible root causes of these negative attitudes towards mathematics.The study focused on Year 3 pupils from a local school, some of whom took part in focus groups. terce focus groups were carried out, each consistingof four children with similar abilities. Children were selected based on observations from previous visits. Subjects were chosen if they displaye d strong feelings for or against mathematics, or if they were at the extremes of the ability range. The focus groups lasted for approximately 30 minutes and were broken into two parts. Firstly, the children were apt(p) 10 minutes to attempt four questions tailored to their ability range. The questions involved symmetry, arithmetic, a word problem and a problem solving exercise.The remaining time was used to discuss what the children felt up about mathematics, employ the worksheet as a focal point. It is hoped that this project will provide signifi bottomt insights into why many children have a pessimistic outlook on mathematics and indicate where future research is needed. math and its obvious omit of purposeChildren may find the nature of mathematics difficult to cope with as its wider reach implications prat be hard to checker. Experiments are carried out for the physical sciences,From Informal Proceedings 29-1 (BSRLM) available at bsrlm.org.uk the author 7Joubert, M. (E d.) Proceedings of the British Society for Research into Learning Mathematics 29(1) March 2009pictures are drawn in art class and language skills are used in everyday interactions with other people. However, mathematics has a very formal written sense about it, where activities remain intangible to the child. From the remarks I witnessed in the focus groups, it awaits that children find it difficult to make a connection among the work they do on paper and its practical applications. The following transcript is taken from the high-ability focus group CharlieYou need to be good with numeracy, narrate when youre say, shopping for something You need to work out how much youre paying. You wear thint have to be a genius at it, but you have to be sort of good at it.f youre a shopkeeper, and someone gave you like about 20, and something was like 15 and they didnt know much how much to give them back. And if you didnt know, you should learn more(prenominal) than in your maths.It was rather surprising to see pupils across the entire ability range unable to make connections between mathematics and its many practical uses. Counting money was the only association that they were able to make, even though it had not been covered in recent work. It is interesting that the high achievers, although mathematically gifted, could not establish any more real world applications than the low achievers. However, the low achievers present more of a concern, as motivation to amend their mathematical understanding bungholenot be aided by their innate ability. Certainly, the children cannot be expected to make these connections without economic aid from a teacher.In fact, some believe that the most readyive teachers are connectionists (Askew et al. 1997), although perhaps there is shortly insufficient emphasis on the practical uses of mathematics in the curriculum. Human nature does not favour futile endeavours if a difficult task appears to have no purpose, then few will r ide out to follow it through. If low achievers are unable to see the wider benefits of having strong mathematical skills, then they may lack motivation, which is vital in a difficult subject such as mathematics.Understanding the purpose of mathematics should not only help to improve motivation, but could help in the actual formulation of concepts. In 1991, Harel and Tall discussed the importance of what they called the necessity principleFrom Informal Proceedings 29-1 (BSRLM) available at bsrlm.org.uk the author 8Joubert, M. (Ed.) Proceedings of the British Society for Research into Learning Mathematics 29(1) March 2009This principle states that the subject function has to be presented in such a way that learners can see its necessity. For if students do not see the rationale for an idea (e.g., a definition of an operation, or a symbolization for a concept), the idea would seem to them as being evoked arbitrarily it does not become a concept of the students. (Harel and Tall, 1991 41)They believed that a arbitrariness is more likely to be abstracted supremacyfully if the learner can acknowledge the necessity of the concept. In the context of this project, the learner needs to be aware of the purpose behind their work. For young learners, understanding the practical uses of mathematics could be sufficient to both motivate them and allow the necessity principle to be satisfied. promote research is required on this issue, as its scope may be greater than previously thought. As with all the findings in this project, the data was collected from a small sample group, and so it may be difficult to generalise to a larger population. However, based on the remarkable similarities between responses in this bad-tempered classroom and the general attitude towards mathematics in our society, I would suggest that the apparent lack of purpose in mathematics is a sentiment felt by many.Self-belief and mathematical abilityNothing was more evident during the focus groups th an the lack of self-beliefshown by many of the children. Low and middle achievers quickly resigned themselves to failure, without truly attempting all of the questions on their worksheet. There was a consistent association of mathematics with cleverness, as many of the children felt not only that numeracy was harder than literacy, but that to be clever you had to be good at numeracy. In effect the children were implying that someone who excels in literacy will not be perceived as being clever unless they can display a similar exemplary ability in numeracy. As a result, children who perceived themselves to be weak felt that they would be incapable of solving harder mathematical problems. A girl from the middle-ability group remarked FayeIm just going to do a simple answer, which is probably wrong.While some would say that any answer is better than no answer, Fayes decision to give up and guess occurred sooner she had given any real consideration to the question. This example was typ ical of her low confidence in mathematics an attitude which I believe greatly misrepresents her ability.Many of the children showed signs of anxiety whilst attempting the worksheets, shuffling awkwardly in their seats, glancing at their peers with worried expressions and making negative comments about the difficulty of the current task. Previous research into anxiety and mathematics (Hoyles, 1982) indicates that a connection may lie between an individuals perceived ability and their level of success. The absolute nature of mathematics, where there is normally only one right answer, could add considerably to a negative attitude towards mathematics.Overall, girls expressed much lower confidence than boys, even among the high achievers. They frequently attributed success and failure to external factors, such as luck and the perceived difficulty of a question. In comparison, most boys recognised that success was due to their own ability, and that failure was caused by either a lack of case or understanding on their part. Whilst this distinction was not absolute it did apply to the vast majority of pupils that took part in the focus groups.The restin attitudes towards mathematics between genders has been researched in depth by many, notably Stipek and Gralinski (1991). Although girls and boys are roughly equal in the league tables at GCSE level, there is a remarkable difference in A-level and University uptake. It is quite possible that primary school experiences are alienating girls from the subject, to the detriment of their long term mathematical development. The reason for this is currently unclear and warrants furtherFrom Informal Proceedings 29-1 (BSRLM) available at bsrlm.org.uk the author 9Joubert, M. (Ed.) Proceedings of the British Society for Research into Learning Mathematics 29(1) March 2009Undoubtedly, the teacher faces an uphill struggle trying to balance a diverse range of abilities and attitudes, an ever changing curriculum and rigorous time constraints. However, there are several outcomes of this project that should be considered by the education community. For example, it may be worth exploring how the children perceive mathematics and its uses outside of school. By improving the understanding of the uses of mathematics, pupils will hopefully see the benefits of developing strong mathematical skills for more than just academic purposes. Likewise, low self-belief is an issue that all teachers can attempt to address.We need to dispel the notion that mathematics is a subject limited to geniuses and that children of all abilities can be successful in the subject. The structure of the lesson and the time constraints of the school day should also be up for revision, asthe current lesson format may not be the most efficient. The school curriculum is often subject to repetition, some of which may be avoidable with a subtle shift in lesson structure. remainderIt is clear that childrens attitudes towards mathematics can be infl uenced by a wide variety of factors. This project has gone some way to identifying what a few of these factors might be, but there is still band of scope for future research. In particular, childrens views on practical uses of mathematics and the difference in attitudes between genders require further study. Additionally, the importance of reflection in primary education needs to be discussed in much greater detail.ReferencesBeth, E. and J. Piaget. 1966. Mathematical Epistemology and Psychology, Dordrecht Riedel. Hoyles, C. 1982. The Pupils View of Mathematics Learning. Educational Studies in Mathematics 13 (4) 349-372.Dubinsky, E. 1991 Reflective Abstraction in Advanced Mathematical Thinking. In Advanced Mathematical Thinking, ed. D. Tall, 95-102. Dordrecht Kluwer schoolman Publishers. Harel, G., and D. Tall. 1991. The general, the abstract and the generic in advanced mathematical thinking. For the Learning of Mathematics 11 (1) 38-42. Stipek, D. and H. Gralinski. 1991. Gender Di fferences in Childrens Achievement-Related Beliefs and Emotional Responses to Success and Failure in Mathematics. Journal of Educational Psychology 83 (3) 361-371.Askew, M., M. Brown, V. Rhodes, D. Johnson, and D. William. 1997. legal Teachers of Numeracy Final Report. London Kings College.From Informal Proceedings 29-1 (BSRLM) available at bsrlm.org.uk the author 12

Comparisons of Inca and Aztecs

The Aztecs had city-states and were populate of a stratified society. Each of one of these city-states is ruled by a vocaliser that is chosen by the pipiltin(the nobility). This speaker would have to sacrifice his own blood regularly to show that he is a true male monarch and has good intentions for his empire. The nobles grew stronger with e rattling conquest. The Aztecs also had a g all overning council but they werent all that successful because they had lacked real power.The Aztec strategy was very successful, because it was aimed at political dominance and not head on control of the people. The calpulli had authority over the government but during the 1st hundred years the emperor took over. The Aztecs were very smart in creating kick wars(to leave a few territories unconquered so that periodic wars could be staged so that some(prenominal) sides could obtain captives for sacrifice) ,because it ensured sacrifices. The Incas believed that their ruler was a living god there t o represent the sun god on earth.Everything the Incas did ,religiously and politically, had a religious meaning in it. The Incas had a queen(senior wife of king) and she was believed to be linked to the moon. The Inca believed that integration was very important. By using their language(Quechan) they integrated by teaching it too their conquered peoples. They were smart to adopt the split heritage from the Mayans. The Inca expansion was closely tied together by ancestor worship.They had developed a state bureaucracy of which almost all of the nobility had played a part in. The Aztecs and Incas are alike because the kings of each of the twain peoples were elected by siblings of the royal family. The governing council also had a say so in. some(prenominal) rulers and kings had a right hand man the Aztecs had a prime minister where as the Incas had a high priest. Both the prime minister and high priest(which both had tremendous power) were usually close relatives of the king. Aztecs and Incas highest deity was the sun god.In both empires men and women were mostly equal but since the military virtue was emphasized it gave men much power so it wasnt completely balanced. Women were mostly in the household but they still contributed to the empire. The military in both had great power because they were the backbone of the empires they supplied the peoples with war captives for human sacrifice. Both of the empires used sacrifice as a political terror. Where the Aztecs demanded mostly tribute as well as some labor the Inca people demanded mostly labor. Both took tribute from their conquered peoples.

Propeller

electrical applied science Vol. III site new Machines Edward Spooner DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES Edward Spooner The University Of invigorated federation Wales, Australia. Keywords Electric machines, dc travel, electrocharismatic induction, Faradays Law, commutator. Contents U SA NE M SC PL O E C EO H AP LS TE S R S 1. Introduction 2. attractive featureism and electro attractionic principles 2. 1. Permanent Magnets 2. 2. charismatic Field slightly Conductors 2. 3. magnetic Field around a cast 2. 4. Electromagnets 2. 5. Magnetic Strength of Electromagnets 2. 6. Electromagnetic generalisation 3. Current Carrying Wires and Coils 3. . Force on a Wire in a Magnetic Field 3. 2. Force and Torque on a Coil in a Magnetic Field 4. raw material Motor Principles 4. 1. The Commutator and Motor Action 4. 2. Simplified Version of the dc Motor 4. 3. Sizes of Machines (related to Torque) 4. 4. expression of Motors 4. 5. The Stator of a dc Machine 4. 6. Rotor 4. 7. The Commutator 4. 8. E lectromotive Force (EMF) in dc Machines 5. Machine equations and perimeters 5. 1. Basic Equivalent Circuit of a dc Motor. 5. 2. Direct legitimate Motor Operation & Torque multiplication 5. 3 DC Machine Torque Equations 5. 4. DC Machine Equations and Speed Regulation . 5. Machine superpower and Losses 6. Types of dc Machine 6. 1. Permanent Magnet 6. 2 Shunt Wound 6. 3 indep rarityently Excited 6. 4. Series Connected 6. 5. Compound Connected Motor 7. Stepper Motors 7. 1. General 7. 2. Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors 7. 3. Reluctance Stepper Motors 7. 4. Torque Step Rate 8. Conclusions encyclopedia of Life guard Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. III Direct Current Machines Edward Spooner Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary This chapter gives a reason to the principles behind the operation of dc motors and stepper motors.Permanent magnet, shunt, separately excited, series and compound wound dc motor connections argon described. A description of the equ ations behind the basic behavior of these machines is given and the torque vs race and speed vs armature (potential and reliable) characteristics are illustrated, which gives a background to the control of these motors. U SA NE M SC PL O E C EO H AP LS TE S R S 1. Introduction Electrical machinery has been in humankind for many years. The applications of electrical machines puddle expanded rapidly since their first give many years ago.At the introduce time, applications continue to increase at a rapid rate. The use of electrical motors has increased for home appliances and industrial and commercial applications for driving machines and sophisticated equipment. Many machines and automated industrial equipment require precise control. Direct true motors are ideal for applications where speed and torque control are required. Direct contemporary motor soma and complexity has multifariousnessd from early times where dc machines were apply primarily for traction applications.Di rect current motors are used for various applications ranging from steel rolling mills to tiny robotic systems. Motor control methods have now get under ones skin more critical to the efficient and heartive operation of machines and equipment. Such innovations as servo control systems and industrial robots have led to new maturations in motor design. Our complex system of transportation has also had an ext supplant to on the use of electrical machines. Automobiles and other means of ground transportation use electrical motors for starting time and generators for their battery-charging systems.Recently there have been considerable developments in electric vehicles and also in hybrid electric vehicles which use a combination of a dc motor and an internal combustion engine for efficient operation. In this chapter machines driven by dc electrical supplies are considered. Since the operation of this type of machine is based upon the diminish of current in theatre directors and the ir action with magnetic corrections, common principles that underlie the behavior of dc machines will be examined first. 2. Magnetism and Electromagnetic PrinciplesMagnetism and electromagnetic principles are the basis of operation of rotating electrical machines and power systems. For this reason, a survey of basic magnetic and electromagnetic principles will be given. Encyclopedia of Life comport Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. III Direct Current Machines Edward Spooner 2. 1. Permanent Magnets Permanent magnets are generally made of iron, cobalt, nickel or other hard magnetic materials, usually in an alloy combination. The ends of a magnet are called northmost and south ends.The north depot of a magnet will attract the south pole of another(prenominal) permanent magnet. A north pole rams another north pole and a south pole repels another south pole. The ii laws of magnetism are 1) Unlike poles attract (see Figure 1) 2) Like poles repel (see Figure 2). U SA NE M SC PL O E C EO H AP LS TE S R S The magnetic field patterns when two permanent magnets are placed end to end are shown in Figures 1 and 2. When the magnets are farther apart, a smaller force of haulage or repulsion exists. A magnetic field, made up of lines of force or magnetic fuse, is see up around any magnetic material.These magnetic flux lines are invisible that have a definite nidus from the magnets north to south pole along the remote of the magnet. When magnetic flux lines are close together, the magnetic field is stronger than when further apart. These basic principles of magnetism are extremely important for the operation of electrical machines. Figure 1 Unlike poles attract Figure 2 Like poles repel 2. 2. Magnetic Field around Conductors Current-carrying music directors, such as those in electrical machines, stimulate a magnetic field. It is possible to show the presence of a magnetic field around a current-carrying theater director.A compass may be used to s how that magnetic flux lines around a music director are circular in shape. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. III Direct Current Machines Edward Spooner A method of remembering the direction of magnetic flux around a managing director is the right-hand cork-screw recipe. If a theater director is held in the right hand as shown in Figure 3, with the flip-flop pointing in the direction of current flow from positive to negative, the fingers then encircle the conductor, pointing in the direction of the magnetic flux lines. U SA NE M SC PL O E C EO H AP LSTE S R S Figure 3 Right-hand rule The circular magnetic field is stronger airless the conductor and becomes weaker at a greater distance. A cross-sectional end view of a conductor with current flowing toward the observer is shown in Figure 4. Current flow towards the observer is shown by a circle with a dot in the centre. Notice that the direction of the magnetic flux lines is counter-cloc kwise, as confirm by using the right-hand rule. Figure 4 Current out of the page When the direction of current flow by a conductor is reversed, the direction of the magnetic lines of force is also reversed.The cross-sectional end view of a conductor in Figure 5 shows current flow in a direction away from the observer. Notice that the direction of the magnetic lines of force is now clockwise. Figure 5 Current into the page Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. III Direct Current Machines Edward Spooner When two conductors are placed tally to each other, and the direction of current through both of them is the same, the magnetic field lines amalgamate to become one and the two conductors attracted together. See Figure 6. Figure 6 Two parallel conductors U SA NE M SC PL O E C EOH AP LS TE S R S The presence of magnetic lines of force around a current-carrying conductor seat be discovered by using a compass. When a compass is moved around the o utside of a conductor, its phonograph needle will align itself tangentially to the lines of force as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 Fields effect on a compass When current flow is in the opposite direction, the compass signaling reverses but remains tangential to the conductor. 2. 3. Magnetic Field around a Coil The magnetic field around one loop of wire is shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 Loop of wire Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol.III Direct Current Machines Edward Spooner U SA NE M SC PL O E C EO H AP LS TE S R S Magnetic flux lines extend around the conductor as shown when current passes through the loop. Inside the loop, the magnetic flux is in one direction. When many loops are joined together to form a cast as shown in the Figure 9, the magnetic flux lines surround the coil as shown in Figure 10. The field produced by a coil is much stronger than the field of one loop of wire. The field produced by a coil is similar in shape to the field around a bar magnet. A coil carrying current, often with an iron or steel core inside it is called an electromagnet.The purpose of a core is to provide a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, thus increasing the flux that will be accede in the coil for a given number of turns and current through the coil. Figure 9 Coil formed by loops Figure 10 Cross-sectional view of the above coil 2. 4. Electromagnets Electromagnets are produced when current flows through a coil of wire as shown below. Almost all electrical machines have electromagnetic coils. The north pole of a coil of wire is the end where the lines of force exit, while the south polarity is the end where the lines of force enter the coil.To find the north pole of a coil, use the right-hand rule for polarity, as shown in Figure 11. Grasp the coil with the right hand. Point the fingers in the direction of current flow through the coil, and the thumb will point to the north polarity of the coil. When the polarity of the volta ge ascendent is reversed, the magnetic poles of the coil reverse. Figure 11 Finding the north pole of an electromagnet Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. III Direct Current Machines Edward Spooner The poles of an electromagnet can be checked by placing a compass near a pole of the electromagnet.The north-seeking pole of the compass will point toward the north pole of the coil. 2. 5. Magnetic Strength of Electromagnets The magnetic strength of an electromagnet depends on three factors (1) the measuring of current passing through the coil, (2) the number of turns of wire, and (3) the type of core material. The number of magnetic lines of force is increased by increasing the current, by increasing the number of turns of wire, by decreasing any air gap in the path of the magnetic flux, or by using a more desirable type of core material. . 6. Electromagnetic Induction U SA NE M SC PL O E C EO H AP LS TE S R S The principle of electromagnetic ind uction is one of the most important discoveries in the development of modern electrical technology. Electromagnetic induction is the induction of electric voltage in an electrical rotary caused by a change in the magnetic field coupled to the circuit. When electrical conductors, such as alternator windings, are moved within a magnetic field, an electrical voltage is developed in the conductors.The electrical voltage produced in this way is called an induced voltage. A simplified illustration showing how induced voltage is developed is shown in Figure 12. Michael Faraday developed this principle in the early nineteenth century. Figure 12 Faradays Law If a conductor is placed within the magnetic field of a horseshoe magnet so that the left side of the magnet has a north pole (N) and the right side has a south pole (S), magnetic lines of force travel from the north pole of the magnet to the south pole.The ends of the conductor in Figure12 are connected to a volt meter to measure the i nduced voltage. The meter can move either to the left or to the right to indicate the direction and magnitude of induced voltage. When the conductor is moved, the amount of magnetic flux contained within the electrical circuit (which includes the wire and the connections to the meter and the meter itself) changes. This change induces voltage through the conductor. Electromagnetic induction takes place whenever there is a change in the amount of flux coupled by a circuit.In this case the motion of the conductor in the up direction causes more magnetic flux to be contained within the circuit and the meter Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. III Direct Current Machines Edward Spooner needle moves in one direction. Motion of the conductor in the down direction causes less magnetic flux to be coupled by the circuit and the meter needle moves in the opposite direction. The principle demonstrated here is the basis for large-scale electrical power gen eration.In order for an induced current to be developed, the conductor must be in a complete path or closed circuit, the induced voltage will then cause a current to flow in the circuit. 3. Current Carrying Wires and Coils The basic requirement of any electrical machine, whether ac or dc, is a method of producing torque. This section explores how two magnetic fields in a machine interact to produce a force which produces a torque in a rotating machine. U SA NE M SC PL O E C EO H AP LS TE S R S TO portal ALL THE 34 PAGES OF THIS CHAPTER, Visit http//www. eolss. net/Eolss-sampleAllChapter. spx Bibliography Clayton, Albert E. , Hancock N. N. 1959 The performance and design of direct current machines. coal miner Edwards J. D. (1991) Electrical machines and drives an introduction to principles and characteristics. Basingstoke Macmillan Fitzgerald A. E. , Kinglsey C. Jr. , (1961) Electric Machinery 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill. Comprehensive text on electric machines. Guru B. S. , Hizi roglu H. R. , (2001) Electric Machinery and Transformers third Edition, New York, Oxford University Press. Good general text on electrical engineering including machines. Say M. G. (1983). Alternating Current Machines, fifth Edition, London Pitman. This covers the more advanced theory of electrical machines Biographical Sketch E. D. Spooner graduated from the University New South Wales, Australia, and obtained his ME in 1965. He is currently a project leader for Australias Renewable Energy Systems examination Laboratory and Lecturer in Electrical Engineering. His research has covered power electronics and drives and is currently focused in renewable energy systems. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

Property and Liability Insurance Research Paper

Property and Liability Insurance - look for Paper ExampleWhen the lay on the line event occurs and a claim is made, the indemnification go with has to cover the claim. The main(prenominal) objective of taking a property and indebtedness insurance is to cover ones deliver property from various risks including theft, fire, accident, electric circuitry restoration, lighting, etc, but to also cover third parties such as employees, visitors, general public, etc (Economy await, 2010). PLI provides for 3 major duties from the insurance company, namely, duty to defend, duty to revive and duty to address a valid clear claim. The duty to defend arises when the insured party is sued and claims a liability from the insurance company. The insurance company when it receives a claim from the third party may either choose to defend the insured, seek a declaratory judgment of no coverage or choose either. The second duty the insurer has is to indemnify the insured to what the insurance com pany is liable. The third duty the insurance company has is to settle all the apt claims and often if the insurer fails to settle the amount for within the claim limit, the insured bay window take the insurance company to court and claim beyond the set amount. ... Employment liability (or workmans compensation) is a form of insurance that should be mandatorily taken by all the businesses and is meant to protect the employer from all risk events that may occur to the employees whilst they perform their duties. Tenants liability Tenants that stay in the insurer govern are covered for abilities by the owner from risks that may be present in the rented place. General liability Covers the business, the employees third parties, etc, from risks including the risk to business. Professional liability is a form of liability that is taken by a maestro such as a physician, lawyer or dentist, and would cover to pay for damages to any third party that may have been caused whilst provision o f professional services. The main intention of professional liability is to protect the professional from malpractice claims. Professionals need to take a higher level of care whilst providing their services. D & O Liability or Directors and Officers liability is a form of insurance that aims to cover the actions of the directors and officers of a company. It can be used to limit the damage to the company that may be caused by the actions of the directors or the officers (Economy Watch 2010). Insurance Fraud is any act that is committed by one party in mold to obtain insurance money from the insurer fraudulently. The extent of fraud may vary from one wooing to another and include, claiming larger than expected insurance damages, deliberately create accident and damages with the intent of causing losses to the insurance company or increasing the premium that is offered to the insured (Total Criminal Defense, 2010). Today insurance

Organization Theory and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organization Theory and Design - Essay ExampleAdditionally, in the available dumbfound, decision-making is usually made at the top and this makes it difficult to react to the altering competition (McKinsey, 2006). In the hybridization structure, decision-making it not difficult since the manager in each unit is able to make decisions autonomously. The unit leadership atomic number 18 accountable for the outcome of their decisions and this motivates them to put one across more entrepreneurial strength. The separate unit management enables the leaders to react to alteration in the market faster than in the functional model. Splitting of business into units enhances victorian communication, which is difficult in the functional model. Lack of proper communication finish lead to the difficulties in cooperation and lapse in a unified. Furthermore, the splitting enables the CEO to concentrates on the business strategies instead of the daily business operations. loan-blend busines s structure promotes the development of the young leaders in the organization. The functional model can cultivate best in the aviation groups that contract out many support functions, those that do not have the sophisticated communication system that are required to manage complex structures, or the ones that serve fewer uniform customers sections. To avoid the problems associated with the functional model, especially since the airline business is very complex the business should breakage to Hybrid model (McKinsey, 2006). In businesses, in that respect are many tasks, which should be completed in clipping in order to realize the organizational goals. The can be made easier through differentiation. differentiation is a process, which a corporate assigns people to different tasks. The process also involves the allocation of resources to the businesses tasks. Differentiation in corporate ensures that the workers are given tasks according to their areas of interest. From my observ ation, Hybrid structure gives more differentiation compared to the functional model. This is because in the hybrid, the managers are assigned to each unit according to their areas of specialization. Additionally, the managers in each unit are responsible for decision-making and the model is mostly used in customer segments that are not homogenous. Differentiation promotes the businesss transparency. Since the hybrid structure provides more differentiation, it makes the firm to be more transparent unlike the functional model. The transparency ensures there is easy accountability for the corporate outputs and the appropriate distribution of resources and proficient leaders in each unit. Differentiation enables the firm to lower expenses too. Since the hybrid structure is more differentiated, it enables the managers in each unit to negotiate dig contract. This ensures that the work conditions and wages of the workforce correspond to the ones for the direct rivals (McKinsey, 2006). Sup port structure needs to be the alike(p) if the switch overs made can result to the problems associated with duplication of efforts. Example of a support structure that should not change is the airline branding. All the units should use the parent name of the company to attract the consumers. Minor support cognitive operation like the services offered to consumers and delivery can change depending on the unit level. Some support functions can be bought with other corporate units while others can

The Success Story of Dell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The achiever Story of dell - Essay ExampleSo, we had to prove that what we had was better. And that forced us to invent a rush of new ways of doing things that delivered a lot better value. And so we looked all across the supply scope and the demand chain for innovations that would drive success for our customers (Michael Dell quoted at Holzner, 2005, 29).Dell, the worlds premier, and most profitable computer hardware technology company is engaged in manufacture and sale of a ample variety of IT related products including personal computers, servers, data storage devices, computer peripherals, laptops, notebooks, netbooks, network switches, displays, projectors, monitors, and televisions. The consumer class notebooks and desktops are interchange under the brand phones of Dimension, Studio, Inspiron, and XPS, while the commercial class desktopsThe product portfolio of Dell also includes software, managed services, original services, and training and certification services. Besi des, Dell provides services such as systems integration and infrastructure consulting. Dell pecuniary Services, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dell provides financial services to business and individual customers.The company was founded by Michael Dell, with a start-up capital of $1000, while he was a student at the University of Texas, at Austin, in 1984. Its original name was PCs Limited. Four years after its inception, the company went public in 1989, raising $30 million in its IPO, thus increasing its market capitalization to $85 million. By 1989, the US sales of Dell had touched $257.8 million. By 1990, the company had set up subsidiaries in Italy and France to cater to the markets of Europe, Middle East, and Africa. Dell has successfully implemented Just-in-time manufacturing to effectively curtail inventory overheads. In 1997, the company was placed in the 4th position after IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Compaq, in the manufacture and sales of computers and related products.

Rituals Rule Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rituals find oneself Religion - Essay ExampleFurthermore, population involved in the project engrossd adornments and intricate materials. Eventually, a more permanent, central station was later erected for the whole nation to revere God as one. This site was later referred to as the temple. Priests and Levites (the former with elaborate ministerial garb and the latter being divided into third groups with specific functions) acted as mediators between God and the people. A list of various sacrificial offerings was also recorded. Frequently, the use of animals and other awkward products became the daily offering which became Gods sacrificial and apparitional staple. Finally, feasts were mandatory for all worshippers every year. such(prenominal) feasts were appointed age of worship characterized by pageantry, solemnity and spiritual meaning. Both Jews and Christians sh atomic number 18 similar concepts in their worship of God. Primarily, benediction is a major component of the ir worship. The Jews and their Christian counterparts are equally thankful people would see worship as incomplete without thanksgiving. Both groups also employ rituals suited to their understanding of God. Although Jews are more communicative in their worship, Christians are also vocal in showing their expression of religion through hymns and personate language . This apparently brought God Himself interacting with the worshippers. God does respond in various and sometimes odd ways. In the old days it was the typical Thus saith the Lord clich or a representative would give a piece of Gods mind to his people. Today, for Christians in particular, a warmhearted feeling coupled with spiritual and emotional disruption is believed to indicate divine interpolation. It is believed that God has varied ways in responding to those who love and adore him... Priests and Levites (the former with elaborate ministerial garb and the latter being divided into three groups with specific functions ) acted as mediators between God and the people. A list of various sacrificial offerings was also recorded. Frequently, the use of animals and other agricultural products became the daily offering which became Gods sacrificial and spiritual staple. Finally, feasts were mandatory for all worshippers every year. Such feasts were appointed days of worship characterized by pageantry, solemnity and spiritual meaning. Both Jews and Christians share similar concepts in their worship of God. Primarily, thanksgiving is a major component of their worship. The Jews and their Christian counterparts are equally thankful people would see worship as incomplete without thanksgiving. Both groups also employ rituals suited to their understanding of God. Although Jews are more expressive in their worship, Christians are also vocal in showing their expression of faith through hymns and body language . This apparently brought God Himself interacting with the worshippers. God does respond in various and sometimes odd ways. In the old days it was the typical Thus saith the Lord clich or a spokesperson would give a piece of Gods mind to his people. Today, for Christians in particular, a warmhearted feeling coupled with spiritual and emotional respite is believed to indicate divine interpolation. It is believed that God has varied ways in responding to those who love and adore him furthermore, believers dwell on the fact that there is just no limit to how and what God will do in solvent to his worshippers.

Critical evaluation of financial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Critical evaluation of financial markets - Essay ExampleAs stated by Bolbol & Omran (2003) in their paper on stock market emergence in Arab countries, a change in the technology and output mix of the indigenous industries will require the stock markets to portion out the resources to the industries more efficiently. This is beca using up stock market activities provide an effective way to check the performance of the new firms in the event of any opinion divergence in the manner it is managed. At present in the Arab countries there are stock exchanges in Egypt, Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Lebanon, Tunisia, Sudan, Dubai, Bahrain Abu Dhabi, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Among these countries it is said that the Arab stock markets are dominated by five countries in terms of active and large markets- Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Tunisia. On 3 June 2006 a answer was passed in Libya which paved the way for the creation of the Libyan stock market, set up as Syarika Mus ahima with capital of the United States strength of LD20 million split into 2 million shares of 10LD per share. The headquarters as per Article 2 of the dissolver was decided to be Tripoli with main branch to be set up in Benghazi. Levine & Zervos (1996) apply a dataset of 47 nations for the period 1976 to 1993 to highlight that the stock market liquidity is an important predictor of square per capita gross GDP growth, physical growth in capital and growth rate in productivity. This highlights the magnificence of the establishment of Libyan Stock Market for the authorities in Libya1 The banking system in the country comprises cardinal major banks which are either fully owned or in majority ownership of the Libyan Central Bank. This list of banks includes Wahda bank, Jamahiriya Bank, Umma Bank, Sahara Bank and National Commercial Bank. These banks comprise nearly 90 percent of the assets cogitate to the Libyan banking sector. All these banks have capital strength of minimum 10 0 million Libyan Dinars with the dickens of these banks on the verge of privatisation. The finance availability in the local market is frugal. The Libyan banks provide particular(a) number of financial products, loans are granted based on personal rapport and the managers of the public banks do not seem to have any incentives in portfolio expansion. Scarcity of financing is a major deterrent in local development impeding the completion of the projects and the initiation of new projects. Presently the banking system in the country is undergoing a modernisation program to improve the existing products or services, handling of non-performing assets, promotion of the use of payments in modes other than cash and establishment of new accounting standards2 Reforms in Libyan Financial vault of heaven The Libyan government is jointly working with reputed international organisations to facilitate improved transparency in the financial sector, chalking out plans to bring in international c redit rating agencies in the country to evaluate the national financial instruments and the recently

MANAGEMENT & ORGANIS BEHAVIOUR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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