How We Have Bubble Gum Today

In the early 1900s, Americans could not get enough of the modern-day variation on the lip-smacking confection called bubble or chewing gum popularized by Thomas Adams. The popular treat has a long history and has come in many forms over time. Earliest Record of Chewing Gum A variation of chewing gum has been used by ancient civilizations and cultures around the world. It is believed that the earliest evidence we have of chewing gum dates back to the Neolithic  period. Archeologists discovered  6,000-year-old chewing gum made from  birch bark tar, with tooth imprints  in Finland. The tar from which the gums were made is believed to have antiseptic properties and other medicinal benefits. Ancient Cultures   Several ancient cultures used chewing gum regularly. It is known that the ancient Greeks chewed mastiche, a chewing gum made from the resin of the mastic tree. The ancient Mayans chewed chicle, which is the sap of the sapodilla tree. Modernization of Chewing Gum In addition to the ancient Greeks and Mayans, chewing gum can be traced back to a variety of civilizations around the world, including the Eskimos, South Americans, Chinese and Indians from South Asia. The modernization and commercialization of this product mainly took place in the United States. Native Americans chewed resin made from the sap of spruce trees. In 1848, American John B. Curtis picked up on this practice and made and sold the first commercial chewing gum called the State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum. Two years later, Curtis started selling flavored paraffin gums, which became more popular than spruce gums. In 1869, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna introduced Thomas Adams to chicle, as a rubber substitute. It did not take off as a use for rubber, instead, Adams cut chicle into strips and he marketed it as Adams New York Chewing Gum in 1871. Potential Health Benefits Gum can be credited for several health benefits, such as potentially increasing cognition and brain function after chewing the gum. An additive and sugar substitute xylitol has been found to reduce cavities and plaque in teeth.   Another known effect of chewing gum is that it increases saliva production. Increased saliva can be a good way to keep the mouth fresh, which is helpful for reducing halitosis (bad breath). Increased saliva production has also been found to be helpful following surgery involving the digestive system and for the possible reduction of digestive disorders, such as GERD, also known as acid reflux. Timeline of Gum in Modern Times Date Chewing Gum Innovation December 28, 1869 William Finley Semple became the first person to patent a chewing gum, U.S. patent No. 98,304 1871 Thomas Adams patented a machine for the manufacture of gum 1880 John Colgan invented a way to make chewing gum taste better for a longer period of time while being chewed 1888 Adams chewing gum called Tutti-Frutti became the first chew to be sold in a vending machine. The machines were located in a New York City subway station. 1899 Dentyne gum was created by New York druggist Franklin V. Canning 1906 Frank Fleer invented the first bubble gum called Blibber-Blubber gum. However, the bubble blowing chew was never sold. 1914 Wrigley Doublemint brand was created. William Wrigley, Jr. and Henry Fleer were responsible for adding the popular mint and fruit extracts to a chicle chewing gum 1928 Walter Diemer, employee of Fleers company, invented the successful pink colored Double Bubble bubble gum. 1960s U.S. manufacturers switched to butadiene-based synthetic rubber as a base for gum, because it was cheaper to manufacture

Case Study 3 Essay - 1206 Words

Nikki Hoffman-Schepers Language and Standardized Testing In todays society, we continually see an influx in immigrants on an annual basis. The majority of these immigrant students are subsequently placed in English as a Second Language (ESL) courses due to their low skill level in the English language. Have ESL students in the classroom certainly raises more questions than it does answers, as teachers are faced with various new situations in helping ESL students better understand not only the English language, but the English culture as well. Another difficulty that is faced is exactly what methods teachers need to be implementing in their goals of better acclimating students to the English language. The school board needs to allow†¦show more content†¦I believe that these assessments should also still be written in the English language, though the instructor should do their best to omit any unnecessary linguistic convolution. There is no need to overload the students more than they already are. The material should be clear, conc ise, and to the point so that ESL students will not unnecessarily struggle. Implementation of performance assessments will allow teachers to further evaluate ESL students and their understanding of the English language. Having this better understanding will very likely show that plenty of ESL students deserve advancement to the mainstream courses. One question that may arise when administering tests to students is whether or not schools subject tests should be given in a language of the students choosing. I am fully against this notion of having students choose the language their tests are in because it would essentially defeat the entire purpose in understanding the English language. The more they must become acclimated to the English language, whether it be through essays, in class activities, or homework, the more well off they will be down the road in grasping the English language. Seeing as how English in the primary language of the United States, I find it counterproductive to take subject tests in any language aside from English. In order for this to work however, certain steps must be taken to assure theShow MoreRelatedMgmt 591 Case Study 3 Building Coalitions 2226 Words   |  9 PagesCase Study 3: Building a Coalition Keller Graduate School of Management MGMT 591: Leadership and Organizational Behavior March 22, 2015 CASE STUDY 3: BUILDING A COALITION !1 Part 1: Group Development The five-stage group-development model consists of: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. (Robbins 275) 1. Forming stage. 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Serial Killer Free Essays

Do serial killers have the same motive for killing? In â€Å"What Makes a Serial Killer† by La Donna Beaty, she composes an informative argument providing characteristics of a serial killer. She bases her argument on what makes a serial killer according to information gathered from eight different sources. According to the theories that she has provided, society, family atmosphere, mental illness, and excessive use of alcohol are the characteristics that make up a serial killer. We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Can these characteristics mask all serial killers? Beaty provides evidence that suggests what might make a serial killer, but, she doesn’t state what she thinks defines one, which makes this essay more of an essay to inform. In order to make her point, the author quotes many theories from various books and researches. Each time she mentioned a new theory, she would provide a quote from one of the eight sources to prove her statement. When Beaty stated that â€Å"one of the most common traits that all researchers have noted among serial killers is heavy use of alcohol† (4), she followed it with evidence from research done by Donald Lunde. Throughout the paper, she provides a substantial amount of evidence pertaining to what could possibly make a serial killer but, the evidence is from another person’s point of view; not her own. She backs up each topic sentence with an amazing amount of evidence that could make the reader believe that she knows what defines a serial killer. In her fourth paragraph, she mentions that â€Å". . . many murderers are the product of our violent society† (Beaty 2). She backs that up with five quotes from two different researches: Our culture tends to approve of violence and find it acceptable, even preferable, in many circumstances (Holmes and DeBurger 27). According to research done in 1970, one out of every four men and one out of every six women believed that it was appropriate for a husband and to hit his wife under certain conditions (33). . . . It is estimated that by the age of eighteen, the average child will have viewed more than 16,000 television murders (34). Some experts feel that children demonstrate increasingly aggressive behavior with each violent act they view (Lunde 15) and become so accustomed to violence that these acts seem normal (35). (Beaty 2) Although each topic sentence has evidence that backs it up, she fails to answer her own question: â€Å"what makes a serial killer? † The major claim in this essay is that there are different theories that can explain why a serial killer goes around excising â€Å"his revenge on an unsuspecting society† (Beaty 5). Every paragraph after the third points out a different theory about why â€Å"ambitious human beings† (2) turns into a serial killer. She points out that â€Å"murderers are a product of our society [because] our culture tends to approve of violence and find it acceptable, even preferable, in many circumstances† (2). Also, Beaty states that â€Å"the family atmosphere into which the serial killer is born† (2) could be another reason why serial killers kill because they â€Å"never established a good relationship with the male figures in their lives (Ressler, Burgess, and Douglas 19)† (qtd. 2). Besides the two mentioned theories above, Beaty states that mental illness and excessive use of alcohol can be the leading factor to why serial killers kill. The weak point in this essay is that her conclusion contradicts with her introduction. Her thesis statement is â€Å"what makes a serial killer? † (Beaty 1) but she concludes her essay with â€Å"we may never know what causes a serial killer to [kill]† (5). Instead of answering her thesis, she contradicts it with her conclusion. What really stood out was the fact that Beaty was successful at incorporating many different sources into her essay. Following each theory are at least three quotes from the sources that she used. When she mentioned that â€Å"one of the most common traits that all researchers have noted among serial killers is heavy use of alcohol† (4), she followed it with four different documented sources: Lunde found that the majority of those who commit murder had been drinking beforehand and commonly had a urine alcohol level of between . 20 and . 29, nearly twice the legal level of intoxication (31-32). Additionally, 70 percent of the families that reared serial killers had verifiable records of alcohol abuse (Ressler, Burgess, and Douglas 17). Jeffrey Dahmer had been arrested in 1981 on charges of drunkenness and, before his release from prison on sexual assault charges, his father had written a heartbreaking letter which pleaded that Jeffrey be forced to undergo treatment for alcoholism, a plea that, if heeded, might have changed the course of future events (Davis 70,103). . . . A 1979 report issued by Harvard Medical School stated that â€Å"[a]lcoholism in the biological parent appears to be a more reliable predictor of alcoholism in the children than any other environmental factor examined† (qtd. in Taylor 117). While alcohol was once thought to alleviate anxiety and depression, we now know that it can aggravate and intensify such moods (Taylor 110). (Beaty 5) The fact that she used so much evidence to back up each topic sentence was the strong point of her essay. Uncertainty of how Beaty would define a serial killer lurks throughout the essay. Beaty ended her introduction with â€Å"what makes a serial killer? † (1), but leaves the question unanswered. This leaves the reader puzzled because upon reading this essay, the reader is looking for the author’s view of what really defines a serial killer. When coming across the conclusion, does the reader know how the author would define a serial killer? No, because she concludes that â€Å"we may never know what causes a serial killer to [kill]† (Beaty 5). The last sentence of this essay states that Ted Bundy said â€Å"most serial killers are people who kill for the pure pleasure of killing . . . † (Beaty 5). This leaves the reader with the impression that this essay was written mainly to inform readers of the results from researches done about serial killers rather than answering â€Å"what makes a serial killer? † (1). How to cite Serial Killer, Essay examples Serial killer Free Essays Jeffrey Dahmer was no ordinary criminal. He was the type of serial killer that most people fear. He was able to prolong his killing spree because he was calmed, very intelligent, and nice looking man. We will write a custom essay sample on Serial killer or any similar topic only for you Order Now This got him out of the trouble he most desperately need when you’re a serial killer. He started his killing when he met and picked up a hitchhiker named Steven Hicks. He took Steven At this time Dahmer was living with his parents in the upscale community of Bath, Ohio. This is where Steven Hicks had sexual intercourse they also drunk beer a hung out together until one day Steven decided to leave Dahmer, so Dahmer decided to kill im, which he did. His second victim was not killed until 1987. The reason there is a wide gap between the next 12 killings is because he took time out to go off to college, however he only lasted a semester until he flunk out due to getting drunk all the time . He then decided to go to the service but he was discharge due to alcoholism this is important because every last case against him had some form or shape of alcohol to do with it including The next 12 gruesome murders you could imagine. He selected his victims by going out to gay clubs and bars, one by one he picked the guys up and to his apartment. While there he perform exotic sex moves, which included the victim to be hand cuffed to have sex, but afterwards all hell break loose the victim is cut, stab and strangle till his deaf. But it don’t stop there he also perform sex on the corpse this sick individual needed to be off the street fast. Jeffery Dahmer slipped thru Milwaukee city police but was eventually caught. It all happen when two police officers spotted a naked man handcuff. That naked man explained to the cops he was trying to get away from this strange man. The cops went to the strange man apartment which happens to be no other than Jeffery Dahmer. During this situation Dahmer remained calm until one the officers went into his bedroom to get the key to the cuffs. What the officers seen instead was naked dead people pictures, immediately afterwards they decided to place him under arrest. He was sentenced to 15 consecutive life terms or a total of 957 years in prison. Jeffrey Dahmer was killed in prison by this schizophrenic man named Christopher Scarver On the morning of November 28, 1994, , the guards found Dahmer’s head crushed and Anderson’s fatally injured body nearby. A bloody broom handle seemed to represent Scarver’s statement on the subject. Jeffrey Dahmer was pronounced dead at 1 A. M. How to cite Serial killer, Papers

Biophysical Processess and Health Assessment

Question: Discuss about the Biophysical Processess and Health Assessment. Answer: Health History Assessment: Mr. A (70 yrs) is from the Srilanka. He is living alone in his home on the outskirt of city alone as his wife was expired two years before. He is not interested to stay with his son who is staying in the same city. His is financially weak as he dont have any income source and he is having very little pension. Hence, he cant offer to have helper to assist in his activities of daily living. Community from which Mr. A belongs is traditionalist in character, as people from this community are not interested to share their health problems with healthcare professional. 15 years before he was diagnosed with peptic ulcer, diabetes, obesity, ostoporosis, fatty liver cirrhosis and hypertension and till date he is having these disease conditions. Mr. A was consuming bisoprolol, atenolol, esomeprazole, metformin, frusemide, spironolactone and orlistat since some time. He was on alcohol consumption and chronic smoking since few years. Milk products and eggs are allergic to him. He is not eating nu tritious food and as result his nutritional balance is impaired. In recent times, his vital systems were tested and below are the observations. He has breathing problem, stomach pain, vomiting, insomnia and he has feeling of loss of appetite and lethargy. It is evident that he wishes to keep isolated from society and family members and completely depressed. Mr. A feels that society and family members are not going to accept him in this condition. Society and family members are unhappy with his lifestyle since long time and his presenting condition is due to his lifestyle. As he is depressed, he is forgetting routine things and he disoriented to time, however he is oriented to the people. Liver function tests are performed for Mr. A because he has liver cirrhosis. Liver function test generally estimates proteins such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, and bilirubin. Atypical level of these proteins exhibit degree of liver damage or scarring. Full blood examination (FBE) exhibit complete examination of health of the Mr.A. Diagnosis of acute inflammation can be performed by C-reactive protein (CRP) estimation. Test for the inflammation was performed because Mr. A has peripheral oedema (cirrhosis). MBI test is generally performed as metabolic panel test essentially for diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease and hypertension. MBI test was performed because Mr. A is having multiple diseases. CT scan of the left hip of Mr. A was performed as Mr. A has pain in hip. With the help of CT scan degree of compression of fracture can be determined and it is also useful for the evaluation of severity of osteoporosis. X-ray of spine pelvis righ t hip was carried out in the patient for the assessment of dislocation of three bones of the pelvis like illiun, ischium and pubis (Fischbach and Barnett, 2009; Novelline and Squire, 2004). Mr. A has cardiovascular complications since some time and he taking medicines for the same. To assess his current cardiovascular complications his blood pressure should be assessed. He is also having breathing problem and to assess his current lung function pulmonary function test should be performed. He is also having liver cirrhosis, hence his liver function test should be performed. In these evaluations it has been observed that his cardiovascular system, respiratory system and liver are normal (Jensen, 2010). Physical Examination: Head, ears, eyes, nose and throat (HEENT) Observations : Head : No headache, giddiness Ears : No problem in hearing . Eyes : No problem in vision, No blurred vision and there are no spots in the eye. Nose : No assessment. Throat : Swelling in the throat. Cardiovascular: Occasional mild chest pain, occasional very little palpitations. Pulmonary : No shortness of breath and no cough. Gastointestinal : There is epigastric pain since long time, diarrhea and bloody stools and loss of appetitie. Genitourinary : No urgency in urination Neurologic : No numbness, tingling and paresthesias. Mukosleletal : Abdominal pain after lifting little heavy bag. Endocrine : No assessment. Physical examination: Vital signs : B.P. Systolic 120 mmHg and diastolic 80 mmHg, Blood sugar level 110 mg/dl, Body weight 75 kg, Live function test AST - 70 IU, ALT - 50 IU Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) 75 % Conclusion : From the above physical examination and vital signs and other tests, it is evident that disease of Mr. A like hypertension, diabetes, cirrhosis are in control now. However from symptoms like stomach pain, bloody diarrhea and loss of appetite is predicted that he is suffering from Inflammatory bowel disease and decided to go for diffential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Investigation: Possible diffential diagnosis : Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are types of inflammatory bowel disease. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are the inflammatory disease of the GI tract and these two disease share few common factors like symptoms. Also, these two disease share common etiological factors like environmental, genetic and an abnormal immune response. These two diseases can occur equally in men and women. Crohns disease is spread intermittently in the large and small intestines with few areas are inflamed and few areas are normal. Ulcerative colitis can be continuous inflammation particularly in the small intestine. . Crohns disease occurs throughout every layer of the intestinal wall, on the other side ulcerative colitis occur particularly in the inner lining of the colon (Targan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2005). Conclusion: Out of total cases of inflammatory bowel disease around 10 % cases exhibit characteristics of both Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis and moreover severity and occurrence of these diseases is similar in all age groups. This together occurrence of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis is called as intermittent colitis. Out of these two diseases, one particular disease is not age related and both disease occur at any stage of life. Hence, in few cases it is very difficult to differentiate between these two diseases. Nevertheless, a careful medical history, physical examination, use of screening tools, and correct diagnostic tests can precisely differentiate between these two inflammatory bowel disease conditions in most patients, allowing disease-specific management (Tontini et al., 2015). Physical examination: Physical examination of the patient should be performed along with asking questions to the patient. There is the possibility of fever due to intestinal inflammation and dehydration due to diarrhea. Hence, temperature should be noted and about dehydration Mr. A should be asked about his fatigue and lethargy. This fatigue and lethargy also would be helpful in evaluating anemia because bloody diarrhea, there is the possibility of anemia in Mr.A. There is also possibility of weight loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Hence, weight of Mr. A, also should be noted. Stomach pain in particular area should be evaluated by slight pressing of the stomach area and inquiring Mr. A about the pain sensation. Inflammatory bowel disease is generally associated with extra intestinal complications like arthritis, iritis and dermatitis. These complications also should be evaluated by observation of the particular part and asking Mr. A about any abnormal feeling in that part like pain in limb in arthritis. Rectal examination should be performed to assess bloody stool because in inflammatory bowel disease, there is occurrence of bloody diarrhea (Targan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2005). Diffential Diagnosis : Biomarker analysis: As IBD is inflammatory bowel disease further prediction of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis can be performed by inflammatory biomarker analysis like CRP, IL-6, INF gamma and IL-13. Immunologically Crohns disease is TH1 mediated inflammatory disease INF gamma predict about the occurrence of Crohns disease. On the other side, ulcerative colitis is TH2 medicated disease, IL13 predict about ulcerative colitis. Even tough, CRP doesnt give clear differentiation between Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, it has been found that CRP levels are slightly higher in Crohns disease than ulcerative colitis. Serum IL6 levels are also slightly higher in Crohns disease than ulcerative colitis. Serum biomarker as diagnostic test should be performed initially because it is simple test and it give good prediction without much complication to the patient. From biomarker analysis, it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Lewis, 2011; Iskandar et al., 2012). Cross-sectional imaging: Cross-sectional imaging can be helpful in the identification of the stage of the inflammatory bowel disease. This includes tools like ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and barium contrast radiology. Decision on the selction of the tool for cross-sectional imaging depends on the patient condition, severity of the symptoms in the patient, availability of expertise and instrument. Along with the identification of location of the lession, cross-sectional imaging is also helpful in the evaluation of the thickness of the colonic wall and examination of the different layers of the colonic wall. This analysis of each wall of the colonic wall helps in the differential diagnosis of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis because Crohns disease occurs throughout all the layers of colonic wall and ulcerative colitis occurs in the inner layer of the colonic wall. These imaging techniques also helpful in the assessment of presence or absence of colonic lymph nodes From cross sectional imaging, it is evident that Mr. has ulcerative colitis (Braveman et al., 2004; Tekkis et al., 2005). Ileo-colonoscopy : Ileo-colonoscopy helpful in the differential diagnosis in the inflammatory bowel disease because in this examination patient with Crohns disease exhibits discontinuous inflammation of colonic wall, lesions and cobblestoning of the mucosa. On the other side, ulcerative colitis exhibits erosions,continuous inflammation, microulcers and granularity in the mucosa. From Ileo-colonoscopy it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Dignass et al., 2012). Histopathology : For the differential diagnosis of the inflammatory bowel disease, histopathology was performed from the two specimens from the five sites of the colon of the colon, rectum and terminal ileum. In histopatological analysis, Crohns disease exhibits architectural and inflammatory changes which depicts discontinuous alterations throughout the colon, focal cryptitis, inflammation of the lamina propria and mucin deposition. Ulceratice colitis exhibits paneth cell metaplasiain the distal part of the colon, depletion of mucin, inflammatory cell infiltration throughout the mucosa, distorted crypts and surface erosions. From histopathological analysis it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Magro et al., 2013). Upper endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is helpful in the patients with suspected Crohns disease because this particular disease of the inflammatory bowel disease is related to the upper gastrointestinal tract. This diagnostic tool is not valid exclusivity for Crohns disease because upper endoscopy is also useful for the diagnosis of the Helicobacter pylori infection, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and gastric adenocarcinoma. This diagnostic test was rejected in Mr. A because other above performed tests clerly indicated occurrence of ulcerative colitis in Mr. A (Annese et al., 2013). Small-bowel endoscopy: Small-bowel endoscopy is also specifically useful for the examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hnece, this test was also not considered for the diffential diagnosis of Mr. A, because in other diagnostic tests it was confirmed that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Flamant et al., 2013). Conclusion: In the health assessment of Mr. A, stepwise approach was followed starting from the collection of the history of Mr. A in terms of family history and medical history. In this it was identified that Mr. A has very unhealthy lifestyle which was responsible for the multiple disease in M. A like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, liver disease and his condition was like a patient with metabolic syndrome. As, he was consuming medications for these conditions, his most of the health issues in the past are in control now. It is evident from the tests performed for diabetes, blood pressure and liver function test. Recently he was suffering from the intense stomach pain and bloody diarrhea. Hence, it was predicted that Mr. was suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease comprised of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, specific diagnosis was performed for Mr. A by applying differential diagnosis. In the diffential diagnosis it is evident that Mr.A is suffer ing from the ulcerative colitis. References: Annese, V., Daperno, M., Rutter, M.D., Amiot, A., Bossuyt, P., East, J. (2013). European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 7(12), 982-1018. Braveman, J.M., Schoetz, D.J., Marcello, P.W., Roberts, P.L., et al. (2004). The fate of the ileal pouch in patients developing Crohns disease. Diseases of the Colon Rectum, 47, 16131619. Cohen, R. D. (2003). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Springer Science Business Media. Dignass, A., Eliakim, R., Magro, F., Maaser, C., Chowers, Y., et al. (2012). Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 6, 965990. Fischbach, F.T., Barnett, M. (2009). A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. (8th ed.). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Flamant, M., Trang, C., Maillard, O., Sacher-Huvelin, S., Le Rhun, M., Galmiche, J.P., Bourreille, A. (2013). The prevalence and outcome of jejunal lesions visualized by small bowel capsule endoscopy in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 19(7), 1390-6. Iskandar, H.N., Ciorba, M.A. (2012). Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease: current practices and recent advances. Translational Research, 159, 313325. Jensen, S. (2010). Pocket Guide for Nursing Health Assessment: A Best Practice Approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Lewis, J, D. (2011). The utility of biomarkers in the diagnosis and therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 140:18171826.e2. Magro, F., Langner, C., Driessen, A., Ensari, A., Geboes, K., et al. (2013). European consensus on the histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 7(10), 827-51. Novelline, R. A., Squire, L. F. (2004). Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. (6th ed.). Harvard University Press. Targan, S.R., Shanahan, F. Karp, LC. (2007). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Springer Science Business Media. Tekkis, P.P, Heriot, A.G., Smith, O., Smith, J.J., Windsor, A.C., Nicholls, R.J. (2007). Long-term outcomes of restorative proctocolectomy for Crohns disease and indeterminate colitis. Colorectal Disease, 7, 218223. Tontini, G.E., Vecchi, M., Pastorelli, L., Neurath, M.F., Neumann, H. (2015). Differential diagnosis in inflammatory bowel disease colitis: state of the art and future perspectives. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(1), 21-46.