Media Imagery Effects on Adolescent Girls Research Paper - 1

Media Imagery Effects on Adolescent Girls - Research Paper Example In the book Everything’s an Argument with Reading, is intended to be a genuine option in contrast to the customary contention (Williams 81). It supplements understudies approach with extraordinary expansive models and in this way reacts sufficiently to thinking around them. By and large contention of assessment gives significant choices about somebody's life through the association of specific gauges (Williams 83). The specific standard required for an individual is a foundation of judgment inside a person. An individual is required to pass judgment on anything that runs over their life. This judgment can be a thought, a show-stopper, an individual or an item. It is this absence of sound argumentation that can prompt creation an applicable judgment that makes young ladies powerless to impacts that originates from media symbolism (Williams 85). As indicated by Nachbar and Lause (119), the assessment of these assessment standards, for example, a thought or specialty of work is sufficient to give a decision that they have appropriated on the pre-adult young ladies both decidedly and contrarily. The projects that are publicized by the media can impact an immature young lady to settle on a choice that prompts a hazardous conduct to risks. A pre-adult young lady may get scared and vicious with others, for example, self-destructive duty. Lundsford, Ruszkiewicz and Walters (54) attest that in as much as media gives training and amusement, they can likewise bring about forceful mentalities and brutal conduct. Savagery in the media particularly those projects that influence the mental impact on kids and ladies in publicizing or marketing in media are destructive to young ladies. Because of mental self portrait seen, they are consequently affected to carry on and attempt to copy their conduct.

Cushings Disease: Symptoms, Treatment and Causes

Cushings Disease: Symptoms, Treatment and Causes Julie Seelâ Presentation Cushings sickness is generally uncommon and is usually in grown-ups. Cushings is a hormonal issue that the bodys tissues care presented to expanded degrees of the hormone cortisol. (NIH) The cortisol hormone is discharged when there is pressure and with practice in certain individuals. The principle things that the cortisol does are: choking or smothering the insusceptible framework, processing fats and starches, and builds glucose. (healthline) The Cushings malady is all the more ordinarily saw in ladies, and about 90% of those cases are because of pituitary microadenoma or corticotroph hyperlplasia. (virtual library) Signs and Symptoms Signs and manifestations fluctuate, however most cases have chest area heftiness, round face (moon face), expanded fat around the neck and shoulder territory (wild ox bump), osteoporosis, hypertension, expanded blood sugars. Additionally ladies can have expanded hair on face and chest, midsection and thighs. Men may get a reduction in ripeness and nonappearance of sexual want and potentially erectile brokenness. (Nih)(Lab) the ICD-10 code for the Cushings malady is E24.9. In some uncommon cases individuals have had acquired the quality for Cushings sickness, for example, different endocrine neoplasia type 1 or Men-1. This can build hazard for tumors creating all through the endocrine framework and in some cases incorporate the pituitary and adrenal organs. Individuals who are large and have diabetes are at a high hazard for this ailment (Lab). Indicative Testing There are various tests the specialist can give for the Cushings illness determination. A 24-hour pee cortisol, dexamethasone concealment test (low portion), salivary cortisol levels are taken in early morning and late around evening time. These three tests will affirm a lot of cortisol in the body. Likewise, the tests can decide the reason for the illness are: blood ACTH level, mind MRI, corticotropin-discharging hormone test, dexamethasone concealment test (high portion), and substandard petrosal sinus examining (IPSS). Different tests that should be possible yet isnt essential are: quick blood glucose and A1c for diabetes, lipid and cholesterol testing, bone mineral thickness can too check for osteoporosis. (Medline Plus) Treatment Options At the subsequent arrangement the specialist will go over all the test outcomes, and the following game plan will be. The treatment would be medical procedure to expel the pituitary tumor and the pituitary organ may come back to ordinary and begin to work gradually once more. During the recuperation procedure, cortisol substitution treatment, so the pituitary should have the option to have the opportunity to make ACTH once more. Likewise, if the specialist couldn't evacuate the entire tumor totally radiation may be done to the pituitary organ. In the event that medical procedure and radiation doesnt chip away at the tumor, drug might be expected to quit making the coritsol in the body. The final retreat if none of these medicines work, the adrenal organs will be expelled, and it will stop the expanded degrees of the cortisol. Likewise, if the adrenal organs are expelled the tumor on the pituitary organ will get a whole lot greater. (medline) Forecast/Summary In the event that Cushings illness is left untreated, it can prompt extreme intricacies. Individuals can have inordinate weakness, weight, queasiness and spewing, diabetes, hypertension and can prompt unexpected passing. (Skull) Removal of the tumor can be a full recuperation, however long lasting substitution medicine to keep your hormones in balance. Two meds that have been endorsed by the FDA are: mifepristone and pasireotide, for the treatment of Cushings sickness. (Medline Plus) Exceptionally uncommon the tumor can develop back, and the patients should return to the specialist and see what should be possible the treatment choices are. REFERENCES Cuevas-Ramos, D. (n.d.). Update on clinical treatment for Cushings Disease. [online] Available at: http://clindiabetesendo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40842-016-0033-9. Ilias I, N. (2012). National establishment of diabetes and stomach related and kidney ailments. [online] Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/wellbeing data/endocrine-ailments/cushings-disorder [Accessed 5 Mar. 2017]. Krause, L. (2005). Pituitary-subordinate Cushings ailment. [online] Available at: http://www.healthline.com/wellbeing/cushings-ailment [Accessed 28 Jan. 2016]. Labtestonline.org. (2016). Labtestonline.org. [online] Available at: http://www.labtestonline.org/conditions/cushing [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017]. Mayoclinic.org. (2016). Diagram Cushing disorder Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/ailments conditions/cushing-disorder/home/ovc-20197169 47k [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017]. Medlineplus.gov. (2016). Cushing Syndrome | Hypercortisolismã‚ | MedlinePlus. [online] Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/cushingssyndrome.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017]. Skullbaseinstitute.com. (n.d.). Cushings Disease: Surgery, Treatment Symptoms | Skull Base Institute. [online] Available at: http://www.skullbaseinstitute.com/pituitary-organ tumor-medical procedure/cushings-ailment endoscopic-surgery.htm [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017].

MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online

MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online MIT Early Action admissions decisions for the Class of 2024 are now available at decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log in to your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. This year, 9,291 students applied for early admission to MIT, and we have offered early admission to 687. These students hail from more than 500 high schools scattered across the globe, from Massachusetts to Malaysia and many places in between. We cant wait to welcome them to campus to join the 4,516 outstanding undergraduates who already call MIT home. Though they are all different in their own way â€" canvassers and combinatorialists, raconteurs and rocketeers, waltzers and woodturners â€" they are united by a shared standard of rigorous academics, high character, and a strong match with MITs mission to use science, technology, and the useful arts to make the world a better place. We deferred 6,792 applicants. These students will be reconsidered without prejudice in Regular Action. Deferred students do not need to send us anything new other than the February Updates and Notes Form, which will become available in mid-January on your MyMIT account. We have posted more information for deferred students here; you can also read blog posts about being deferred here, here, and here. Because of the competitiveness of our pool, we have already informed 1,622 students that we will not be able to offer them admission this year. This decision has been made with care, and it is final. I know this can be a difficult decision to receive, but honestly, it works out okay in the end. Take a deep breath, shake it off, and go crush the rest of your college applications this cycle. The balance of the applicants withdrew from our process before we issued decisions, or had applications that were insufficiently complete to render a decision. We wish them luck in their college search. We recognize its a lot of effort for all of you to apply to MIT. Its an honor and a privilege for us to read your applications. Thank you. Again, congratulations to the newest members of the Class of 2024. Ill be closing comments on this post to focus the conversations on the open threads for admitted, deferred, and not-admitted students. All best, everyone, and happy holidays. MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online MIT Early Action admissions decisions for the Class of 2022 are now available at decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log in to your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. This year, 9,557 students applied for early admission to MIT, and we have offered early admission to 664. These students hail from more than 519 high schools scattered across the globe, from New England to New Zealand and many places in between. We cant wait to welcome them to campus to join the 4,547 outstanding undergraduates who already call MIT home. Though they all do different things â€" baking and beekeeping, powerlifting and politicking, tennis and tensors â€" they are united by a shared standard of rigorous academics, high character, and a strong match with MITs  mission to use science, technology, and the useful arts to make the world a better place. We deferred 6,210 applicants. These students will be reconsidered without prejudice in Regular Action. Deferred students do not need to send us anything new other than the February Updates and Notes Form, which will become available in mid-January on your MyMIT account. We have posted more information for deferred students here. Because of the competitiveness of our pool, we have already informed 2,498 students that we will not be able to offer them admission this year. This decision has been made with care, and it is final. I know this can be a difficult decision to receive. Take a deep breath, shake it off, and go crush the rest of your college applications this cycle. The balance of the applicants 185 withdrew from our process before we issued decisions. We recognize its a lot of effort for all of you to apply to MIT. Its an honor and a privilege for us to read your applications. Thank you. Again, congratulations to the newest members of the Class of 2022. Ill be closing comments on this post to focus the conversations on the open threads for admitted, deferred, and not-admitted students. All best, everyone, and happy holidays. Post Tagged #Early Action MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online MIT Early Action admissions decisions for the Class of 2023 are now available at decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log in to your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. This year, 9,600 students applied for early admission to MIT, and we have offered early admission to 707. These students hail from more than 486 high schools scattered across the globe, from Alaska to Zimbabwe and many places in between. We cant wait to welcome them to campus to join the 4,602 outstanding undergraduates who already call MIT home. Though they all do different things â€" activism and athletics, baking and birding, cosplay and chess â€" they are united by a shared standard of rigorous academics, high character, and a strong match with MITs  mission to use science, technology, and the useful arts to make the world a better place. We deferred 6,182 applicants. These students will be reconsidered without prejudice in Regular Action. Deferred students do not need to send us anything new other than the February Updates and Notes Form, which will become available in mid-January on your MyMIT account. We have posted more information for deferred students here; you can also read blog posts about being deferred here, here, and here. Because of the competitiveness of our pool, we have already informed 2,483 students that we will not be able to offer them admission this year. This decision has been made with care, and it is final. I know this can be a difficult decision to receive, but honestly, it works out okay in the end. Take a deep breath, shake it off, and go crush the rest of your college applications this cycle. The balance of the applicants withdrew from our process before we issued decisions, or had applications that were insufficiently complete to render a decision. We wish them luck in their college search. We recognize its a lot of effort for all of you to apply to MIT. Its an honor and a privilege for us to read your applications. Thank you. Again, congratulations to the newest members of the Class of 2023. Ill be closing comments on this post to focus the conversations on the open threads for admitted, deferred, and not-admitted students. All best, everyone, and happy holidays. MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online *Update as of 2015: Early action is available to both domestic and international students. MIT Early Action admissions decisions for the Class of 2018 are now available at decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log in to your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. 6,820 students applied for early admission to MIT this year. This is a 4% increase from last year. Since most of these students were academically competitive and well-matched, this early action cycle was more difficult than ever for both our staff and our applicants. Of the 6,820 who applied we have admitted 612. We cant wait to welcome them to campus to join the 4,503 outstanding undergraduates who already call MIT home. Our Early Action admits hail from 49 states and 486 high schools. Though they all do different things crafting and cartography, stargazing and sous vide, waltzing and welding they are united by an academic record, a high caliber of character, and a strong match with MITs mission to make the world a better place. We deferred 4538 applicants. These students will be considered anew in Regular Action. For more information on how our Early vs. Regular and deferral process works, you can read a previous post Ive written on the subject. Because of the competitiveness of our pool, there were 1403 students to whom we are not able to offer admission this year. Through this process I have come to respect them all, but because of the highly selective nature of our process, we are certain we would not be able to admit them, and we wanted to let them know that as soon as possible. Please do not take this decision personally: if I have learned anything in this job, it is that selective admissions decisions are less a reflection of the applicant than a reflection of the institution. Please trust that we have done our compassionate best, and good luck with the rest of your applications this cycle. The balance of the applicants 267 either withdrew from our process before we issued decisions or had incomplete applications and were not able to be considered. We recognize its a lot of effort for all of you to apply to MIT. Its an honor and a pleasure to do the work we do. And for all the fun we try to have on the blogs, we take our work very seriously. Again, congratulations to the newest members of the Class of 2018. Ill be closing comments on this post to focus the conversations on the open threads for admitted, deferred, and not admitted students. All best, everyone, and happy holidays. Post Tagged #Early Action MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online MIT Early Action admissions decisions for the Class of 2020 are now available at decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log in to your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. This year, 7,767 students applied for early admission to MIT, and we have offered early admission to 656. These students hail from more than 500 high schools scattered across the globe, from Alaska to Zimbabwe. We cant wait to welcome them to campus to join the 4,527 outstanding undergraduates who already call MIT home. Though they all do different things construction and cross-stitch, algorithms and astrophysics, deontology and design they are united by rigorous academics, high character, and a strong match with MITs global mission to better humankind. We deferred 4,776 applicants. These students will be reconsidered without prejudice in Regular Action. Deferred students do not need to send us anything new other than the February Updates and Notes Form, which will become available in mid-January on your MyMIT account. Because of the competitiveness of our pool, we have already informed 2,175 students that we will not be able to offer them admission this year. This decision has been made with care, and it is final. I know this can be a difficult decision to receive; please trust that we have done our best. Take a deep breath, shake it off, and go crush the rest of your college applications this cycle. The balance of the applicants 160 either withdrew from our process before we issued decisions or had incomplete applications and were not considered in Early Action. We recognize its a lot of effort for all of you to apply to MIT. Its an honor and a privilege for us to read your applications. Thank you. Again, congratulations to the newest members of the Class of 2020. Ill be closing comments on this post to focus the conversations on the open threads for admitted, deferred, and not-admitted students. All best, everyone, and happy holidays. Post Tagged #Early Action MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online *Update as of 2015: Early action is available to both domestic and international students. MIT Early Action admissions decisions for the Class of 2019 are now available at decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log in to your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. 6519 students applied for early admission to MIT this year, and we have offered early admission to 625. We cant wait to welcome them to campus to join the 4,512 outstanding undergraduates who already call MIT home. Our early admits hail from 49 states and more than 474 high schools. Though they all do different things coding and cosplay, biology and ballet, fashion and fusion they are united by rigorous academics, high character, and strong match with MITs global mission and educational modus operandi. We deferred 4456 applicants. These students will be reconsidered without prejudice in Regular Action. Deferred students do not need to send us anything new other than the February Updates and Notes Form. Because of the competitiveness of our pool, we have already informed 1327 students that we will not be able to offer them admission this year. This decision has been made with care, and it is final. I know this can be a difficult decision to receive; please trust that we have done our best. Take a deep breath, shake it off, and go crush the rest of your college applications this cycle. The balance of the applicants 111 either withdrew from our process before we issued decisions or had incomplete applications and were not considered in Early Action. We recognize its a lot of effort for all of you to apply to MIT. Its an honor and a privilege for us to read your applications. Thank you. Again, congratulations to the newest members of the Class of 2019. Ill be closing comments on this post to focus the conversations on the open threads for admitted, deferred, and not-admitted students. All best, everyone, and happy holidays. Post Tagged #Early Action MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online *Update as of 2015: Early action is available to both domestic and international students. MIT Early Action admissions decisions for the Class of 2016 are now available at decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log into your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. 6,008 students applied for early admission to MIT this year. Because of the shifting admissions landscape, our applicant pool was slightly smaller but proportionally stronger, with more students well-matched to MIT. As a result, this was still an incredibly selective Early Action cycle, with us admitting almost 100 fewer students than we were able to last year, a difficult decision given how awesome so many of our applicants are. Of those 6,008 early applicants, we admitted 680 students. They represent some of the best and brightest stars of our future. We are honored to welcome them to campus, where they will join the similarly accomplished, diverse, generally excellent community of students who already call MIT home. Our Early Action admits come from 46 states and dozens of countries, representing over 500 high schools all across the world. Though they all do different amazing things math and music, oceanography and origami, art and athletics, cosmology and cooking they are all united by their love of science and technology and their desire to deploy them to make the world a better place. We deferred 3,731 applicants. These students will be considered afresh in Regular Action. For more information on how our Early vs. Regular and deferral process works you can read my post from last year on the subject. In our review and committee process, there were 1,308 students to whom we were not able to offer admission this year. These students are exceptionally talented, intelligent individuals, but because of the highly selective nature of our process, we did not believe we would be able to admit them this year, and we wanted to let them to know as soon as possible. We wish all of these students the best of luck in the rest of their college admission process. The balance of the applicants 289 either withdrew from our process before we issued decisions or had incomplete applications and were not able to be considered. We recognize its a lot of work for all of you to apply to MIT. We appreciate it. Its an honor to be entrusted with this part of your lives. We try to do whats best by MIT, and whats best by you. And for all the fun we sometimes have on the blogs, we take our work very seriously. Again, congratulations to the newest members of the Class of 2016. Ill be closing comments on this post to focus the conversations on the open threads for admitted, deferred, and not admitted students. All best, everyone, and happy holidays. Post Tagged #Early Action MIT Early Action Decisions Now Available Online MIT Early Action admissions decisions for the Class of 2021 are now available at decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log in to your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. This year, 8,394 students applied for early admission to MIT, and we have offered early admission to 657. These students hail from more than 500 high schools scattered across the globe, from New England to New Zealand. We cant wait to welcome them to campus to join the 4,524 outstanding undergraduates who already call MIT home. Though they all do different things biology and bhangra, physics and feminism, rowing and robotics they are united by a shared standard of rigorous academics, high character, and a strong match with MITs global mission to make the world a better place. We deferred 5,853 applicants. These students will be reconsidered without prejudice in Regular Action. Deferred students do not need to send us anything new other than the February Updates and Notes Form, which will become available in mid-January on your MyMIT account. We will post a blog entry with more information for deferred students on Saturday. Because of the competitiveness of our pool, we have already informed 1,717 students that we will not be able to offer them admission this year. This decision has been made with care, and it is final. I know this can be a difficult decision to receive. Take a deep breath, shake it off, and go crush the rest of your college applications this cycle. The balance of the applicants 167 either withdrew from our process before we issued decisions or had incomplete applications. We recognize its a lot of effort for all of you to apply to MIT. Its an honor and a privilege for us to read your applications. Thank you. Again, congratulations to the newest members of the Class of 2021. Ill be closing comments on this post to focus the conversations on the open threads for admitted, deferred, and not-admitted students. All best, everyone, and happy holidays. Post Tagged #Early Action

How We Have Bubble Gum Today

In the early 1900s, Americans could not get enough of the modern-day variation on the lip-smacking confection called bubble or chewing gum popularized by Thomas Adams. The popular treat has a long history and has come in many forms over time. Earliest Record of Chewing Gum A variation of chewing gum has been used by ancient civilizations and cultures around the world. It is believed that the earliest evidence we have of chewing gum dates back to the Neolithic  period. Archeologists discovered  6,000-year-old chewing gum made from  birch bark tar, with tooth imprints  in Finland. The tar from which the gums were made is believed to have antiseptic properties and other medicinal benefits. Ancient Cultures   Several ancient cultures used chewing gum regularly. It is known that the ancient Greeks chewed mastiche, a chewing gum made from the resin of the mastic tree. The ancient Mayans chewed chicle, which is the sap of the sapodilla tree. Modernization of Chewing Gum In addition to the ancient Greeks and Mayans, chewing gum can be traced back to a variety of civilizations around the world, including the Eskimos, South Americans, Chinese and Indians from South Asia. The modernization and commercialization of this product mainly took place in the United States. Native Americans chewed resin made from the sap of spruce trees. In 1848, American John B. Curtis picked up on this practice and made and sold the first commercial chewing gum called the State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum. Two years later, Curtis started selling flavored paraffin gums, which became more popular than spruce gums. In 1869, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna introduced Thomas Adams to chicle, as a rubber substitute. It did not take off as a use for rubber, instead, Adams cut chicle into strips and he marketed it as Adams New York Chewing Gum in 1871. Potential Health Benefits Gum can be credited for several health benefits, such as potentially increasing cognition and brain function after chewing the gum. An additive and sugar substitute xylitol has been found to reduce cavities and plaque in teeth.   Another known effect of chewing gum is that it increases saliva production. Increased saliva can be a good way to keep the mouth fresh, which is helpful for reducing halitosis (bad breath). Increased saliva production has also been found to be helpful following surgery involving the digestive system and for the possible reduction of digestive disorders, such as GERD, also known as acid reflux. Timeline of Gum in Modern Times Date Chewing Gum Innovation December 28, 1869 William Finley Semple became the first person to patent a chewing gum, U.S. patent No. 98,304 1871 Thomas Adams patented a machine for the manufacture of gum 1880 John Colgan invented a way to make chewing gum taste better for a longer period of time while being chewed 1888 Adams chewing gum called Tutti-Frutti became the first chew to be sold in a vending machine. The machines were located in a New York City subway station. 1899 Dentyne gum was created by New York druggist Franklin V. Canning 1906 Frank Fleer invented the first bubble gum called Blibber-Blubber gum. However, the bubble blowing chew was never sold. 1914 Wrigley Doublemint brand was created. William Wrigley, Jr. and Henry Fleer were responsible for adding the popular mint and fruit extracts to a chicle chewing gum 1928 Walter Diemer, employee of Fleers company, invented the successful pink colored Double Bubble bubble gum. 1960s U.S. manufacturers switched to butadiene-based synthetic rubber as a base for gum, because it was cheaper to manufacture

Case Study 3 Essay - 1206 Words

Nikki Hoffman-Schepers Language and Standardized Testing In todays society, we continually see an influx in immigrants on an annual basis. The majority of these immigrant students are subsequently placed in English as a Second Language (ESL) courses due to their low skill level in the English language. Have ESL students in the classroom certainly raises more questions than it does answers, as teachers are faced with various new situations in helping ESL students better understand not only the English language, but the English culture as well. Another difficulty that is faced is exactly what methods teachers need to be implementing in their goals of better acclimating students to the English language. The school board needs to allow†¦show more content†¦I believe that these assessments should also still be written in the English language, though the instructor should do their best to omit any unnecessary linguistic convolution. There is no need to overload the students more than they already are. The material should be clear, conc ise, and to the point so that ESL students will not unnecessarily struggle. Implementation of performance assessments will allow teachers to further evaluate ESL students and their understanding of the English language. Having this better understanding will very likely show that plenty of ESL students deserve advancement to the mainstream courses. One question that may arise when administering tests to students is whether or not schools subject tests should be given in a language of the students choosing. I am fully against this notion of having students choose the language their tests are in because it would essentially defeat the entire purpose in understanding the English language. The more they must become acclimated to the English language, whether it be through essays, in class activities, or homework, the more well off they will be down the road in grasping the English language. Seeing as how English in the primary language of the United States, I find it counterproductive to take subject tests in any language aside from English. In order for this to work however, certain steps must be taken to assure theShow MoreRelatedMgmt 591 Case Study 3 Building Coalitions 2226 Words   |  9 PagesCase Study 3: Building a Coalition Keller Graduate School of Management MGMT 591: Leadership and Organizational Behavior March 22, 2015 CASE STUDY 3: BUILDING A COALITION !1 Part 1: Group Development The five-stage group-development model consists of: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. (Robbins 275) 1. Forming stage. 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What is your opinion of the contribution of Olsen’s representative experiences to his development as a leader? Leadership - â€Å"the process of bringing about positive changes and influencing others to achieve worthwhile goals†. After three months of becoming an assistant manager, Len’s leadership skills have already been put up test. As an example, he effectively managed a customer who spilled hot

Serial Killer Free Essays

Do serial killers have the same motive for killing? In â€Å"What Makes a Serial Killer† by La Donna Beaty, she composes an informative argument providing characteristics of a serial killer. She bases her argument on what makes a serial killer according to information gathered from eight different sources. According to the theories that she has provided, society, family atmosphere, mental illness, and excessive use of alcohol are the characteristics that make up a serial killer. We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Can these characteristics mask all serial killers? Beaty provides evidence that suggests what might make a serial killer, but, she doesn’t state what she thinks defines one, which makes this essay more of an essay to inform. In order to make her point, the author quotes many theories from various books and researches. Each time she mentioned a new theory, she would provide a quote from one of the eight sources to prove her statement. When Beaty stated that â€Å"one of the most common traits that all researchers have noted among serial killers is heavy use of alcohol† (4), she followed it with evidence from research done by Donald Lunde. Throughout the paper, she provides a substantial amount of evidence pertaining to what could possibly make a serial killer but, the evidence is from another person’s point of view; not her own. She backs up each topic sentence with an amazing amount of evidence that could make the reader believe that she knows what defines a serial killer. In her fourth paragraph, she mentions that â€Å". . . many murderers are the product of our violent society† (Beaty 2). She backs that up with five quotes from two different researches: Our culture tends to approve of violence and find it acceptable, even preferable, in many circumstances (Holmes and DeBurger 27). According to research done in 1970, one out of every four men and one out of every six women believed that it was appropriate for a husband and to hit his wife under certain conditions (33). . . . It is estimated that by the age of eighteen, the average child will have viewed more than 16,000 television murders (34). Some experts feel that children demonstrate increasingly aggressive behavior with each violent act they view (Lunde 15) and become so accustomed to violence that these acts seem normal (35). (Beaty 2) Although each topic sentence has evidence that backs it up, she fails to answer her own question: â€Å"what makes a serial killer? † The major claim in this essay is that there are different theories that can explain why a serial killer goes around excising â€Å"his revenge on an unsuspecting society† (Beaty 5). Every paragraph after the third points out a different theory about why â€Å"ambitious human beings† (2) turns into a serial killer. She points out that â€Å"murderers are a product of our society [because] our culture tends to approve of violence and find it acceptable, even preferable, in many circumstances† (2). Also, Beaty states that â€Å"the family atmosphere into which the serial killer is born† (2) could be another reason why serial killers kill because they â€Å"never established a good relationship with the male figures in their lives (Ressler, Burgess, and Douglas 19)† (qtd. 2). Besides the two mentioned theories above, Beaty states that mental illness and excessive use of alcohol can be the leading factor to why serial killers kill. The weak point in this essay is that her conclusion contradicts with her introduction. Her thesis statement is â€Å"what makes a serial killer? † (Beaty 1) but she concludes her essay with â€Å"we may never know what causes a serial killer to [kill]† (5). Instead of answering her thesis, she contradicts it with her conclusion. What really stood out was the fact that Beaty was successful at incorporating many different sources into her essay. Following each theory are at least three quotes from the sources that she used. When she mentioned that â€Å"one of the most common traits that all researchers have noted among serial killers is heavy use of alcohol† (4), she followed it with four different documented sources: Lunde found that the majority of those who commit murder had been drinking beforehand and commonly had a urine alcohol level of between . 20 and . 29, nearly twice the legal level of intoxication (31-32). Additionally, 70 percent of the families that reared serial killers had verifiable records of alcohol abuse (Ressler, Burgess, and Douglas 17). Jeffrey Dahmer had been arrested in 1981 on charges of drunkenness and, before his release from prison on sexual assault charges, his father had written a heartbreaking letter which pleaded that Jeffrey be forced to undergo treatment for alcoholism, a plea that, if heeded, might have changed the course of future events (Davis 70,103). . . . A 1979 report issued by Harvard Medical School stated that â€Å"[a]lcoholism in the biological parent appears to be a more reliable predictor of alcoholism in the children than any other environmental factor examined† (qtd. in Taylor 117). While alcohol was once thought to alleviate anxiety and depression, we now know that it can aggravate and intensify such moods (Taylor 110). (Beaty 5) The fact that she used so much evidence to back up each topic sentence was the strong point of her essay. Uncertainty of how Beaty would define a serial killer lurks throughout the essay. Beaty ended her introduction with â€Å"what makes a serial killer? † (1), but leaves the question unanswered. This leaves the reader puzzled because upon reading this essay, the reader is looking for the author’s view of what really defines a serial killer. When coming across the conclusion, does the reader know how the author would define a serial killer? No, because she concludes that â€Å"we may never know what causes a serial killer to [kill]† (Beaty 5). The last sentence of this essay states that Ted Bundy said â€Å"most serial killers are people who kill for the pure pleasure of killing . . . † (Beaty 5). This leaves the reader with the impression that this essay was written mainly to inform readers of the results from researches done about serial killers rather than answering â€Å"what makes a serial killer? † (1). How to cite Serial Killer, Essay examples Serial killer Free Essays Jeffrey Dahmer was no ordinary criminal. He was the type of serial killer that most people fear. He was able to prolong his killing spree because he was calmed, very intelligent, and nice looking man. We will write a custom essay sample on Serial killer or any similar topic only for you Order Now This got him out of the trouble he most desperately need when you’re a serial killer. He started his killing when he met and picked up a hitchhiker named Steven Hicks. He took Steven At this time Dahmer was living with his parents in the upscale community of Bath, Ohio. This is where Steven Hicks had sexual intercourse they also drunk beer a hung out together until one day Steven decided to leave Dahmer, so Dahmer decided to kill im, which he did. His second victim was not killed until 1987. The reason there is a wide gap between the next 12 killings is because he took time out to go off to college, however he only lasted a semester until he flunk out due to getting drunk all the time . He then decided to go to the service but he was discharge due to alcoholism this is important because every last case against him had some form or shape of alcohol to do with it including The next 12 gruesome murders you could imagine. He selected his victims by going out to gay clubs and bars, one by one he picked the guys up and to his apartment. While there he perform exotic sex moves, which included the victim to be hand cuffed to have sex, but afterwards all hell break loose the victim is cut, stab and strangle till his deaf. But it don’t stop there he also perform sex on the corpse this sick individual needed to be off the street fast. Jeffery Dahmer slipped thru Milwaukee city police but was eventually caught. It all happen when two police officers spotted a naked man handcuff. That naked man explained to the cops he was trying to get away from this strange man. The cops went to the strange man apartment which happens to be no other than Jeffery Dahmer. During this situation Dahmer remained calm until one the officers went into his bedroom to get the key to the cuffs. What the officers seen instead was naked dead people pictures, immediately afterwards they decided to place him under arrest. He was sentenced to 15 consecutive life terms or a total of 957 years in prison. Jeffrey Dahmer was killed in prison by this schizophrenic man named Christopher Scarver On the morning of November 28, 1994, , the guards found Dahmer’s head crushed and Anderson’s fatally injured body nearby. A bloody broom handle seemed to represent Scarver’s statement on the subject. Jeffrey Dahmer was pronounced dead at 1 A. M. How to cite Serial killer, Papers

Biophysical Processess and Health Assessment

Question: Discuss about the Biophysical Processess and Health Assessment. Answer: Health History Assessment: Mr. A (70 yrs) is from the Srilanka. He is living alone in his home on the outskirt of city alone as his wife was expired two years before. He is not interested to stay with his son who is staying in the same city. His is financially weak as he dont have any income source and he is having very little pension. Hence, he cant offer to have helper to assist in his activities of daily living. Community from which Mr. A belongs is traditionalist in character, as people from this community are not interested to share their health problems with healthcare professional. 15 years before he was diagnosed with peptic ulcer, diabetes, obesity, ostoporosis, fatty liver cirrhosis and hypertension and till date he is having these disease conditions. Mr. A was consuming bisoprolol, atenolol, esomeprazole, metformin, frusemide, spironolactone and orlistat since some time. He was on alcohol consumption and chronic smoking since few years. Milk products and eggs are allergic to him. He is not eating nu tritious food and as result his nutritional balance is impaired. In recent times, his vital systems were tested and below are the observations. He has breathing problem, stomach pain, vomiting, insomnia and he has feeling of loss of appetite and lethargy. It is evident that he wishes to keep isolated from society and family members and completely depressed. Mr. A feels that society and family members are not going to accept him in this condition. Society and family members are unhappy with his lifestyle since long time and his presenting condition is due to his lifestyle. As he is depressed, he is forgetting routine things and he disoriented to time, however he is oriented to the people. Liver function tests are performed for Mr. A because he has liver cirrhosis. Liver function test generally estimates proteins such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, and bilirubin. Atypical level of these proteins exhibit degree of liver damage or scarring. Full blood examination (FBE) exhibit complete examination of health of the Mr.A. Diagnosis of acute inflammation can be performed by C-reactive protein (CRP) estimation. Test for the inflammation was performed because Mr. A has peripheral oedema (cirrhosis). MBI test is generally performed as metabolic panel test essentially for diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease and hypertension. MBI test was performed because Mr. A is having multiple diseases. CT scan of the left hip of Mr. A was performed as Mr. A has pain in hip. With the help of CT scan degree of compression of fracture can be determined and it is also useful for the evaluation of severity of osteoporosis. X-ray of spine pelvis righ t hip was carried out in the patient for the assessment of dislocation of three bones of the pelvis like illiun, ischium and pubis (Fischbach and Barnett, 2009; Novelline and Squire, 2004). Mr. A has cardiovascular complications since some time and he taking medicines for the same. To assess his current cardiovascular complications his blood pressure should be assessed. He is also having breathing problem and to assess his current lung function pulmonary function test should be performed. He is also having liver cirrhosis, hence his liver function test should be performed. In these evaluations it has been observed that his cardiovascular system, respiratory system and liver are normal (Jensen, 2010). Physical Examination: Head, ears, eyes, nose and throat (HEENT) Observations : Head : No headache, giddiness Ears : No problem in hearing . Eyes : No problem in vision, No blurred vision and there are no spots in the eye. Nose : No assessment. Throat : Swelling in the throat. Cardiovascular: Occasional mild chest pain, occasional very little palpitations. Pulmonary : No shortness of breath and no cough. Gastointestinal : There is epigastric pain since long time, diarrhea and bloody stools and loss of appetitie. Genitourinary : No urgency in urination Neurologic : No numbness, tingling and paresthesias. Mukosleletal : Abdominal pain after lifting little heavy bag. Endocrine : No assessment. Physical examination: Vital signs : B.P. Systolic 120 mmHg and diastolic 80 mmHg, Blood sugar level 110 mg/dl, Body weight 75 kg, Live function test AST - 70 IU, ALT - 50 IU Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) 75 % Conclusion : From the above physical examination and vital signs and other tests, it is evident that disease of Mr. A like hypertension, diabetes, cirrhosis are in control now. However from symptoms like stomach pain, bloody diarrhea and loss of appetite is predicted that he is suffering from Inflammatory bowel disease and decided to go for diffential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Investigation: Possible diffential diagnosis : Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are types of inflammatory bowel disease. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are the inflammatory disease of the GI tract and these two disease share few common factors like symptoms. Also, these two disease share common etiological factors like environmental, genetic and an abnormal immune response. These two diseases can occur equally in men and women. Crohns disease is spread intermittently in the large and small intestines with few areas are inflamed and few areas are normal. Ulcerative colitis can be continuous inflammation particularly in the small intestine. . Crohns disease occurs throughout every layer of the intestinal wall, on the other side ulcerative colitis occur particularly in the inner lining of the colon (Targan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2005). Conclusion: Out of total cases of inflammatory bowel disease around 10 % cases exhibit characteristics of both Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis and moreover severity and occurrence of these diseases is similar in all age groups. This together occurrence of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis is called as intermittent colitis. Out of these two diseases, one particular disease is not age related and both disease occur at any stage of life. Hence, in few cases it is very difficult to differentiate between these two diseases. Nevertheless, a careful medical history, physical examination, use of screening tools, and correct diagnostic tests can precisely differentiate between these two inflammatory bowel disease conditions in most patients, allowing disease-specific management (Tontini et al., 2015). Physical examination: Physical examination of the patient should be performed along with asking questions to the patient. There is the possibility of fever due to intestinal inflammation and dehydration due to diarrhea. Hence, temperature should be noted and about dehydration Mr. A should be asked about his fatigue and lethargy. This fatigue and lethargy also would be helpful in evaluating anemia because bloody diarrhea, there is the possibility of anemia in Mr.A. There is also possibility of weight loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Hence, weight of Mr. A, also should be noted. Stomach pain in particular area should be evaluated by slight pressing of the stomach area and inquiring Mr. A about the pain sensation. Inflammatory bowel disease is generally associated with extra intestinal complications like arthritis, iritis and dermatitis. These complications also should be evaluated by observation of the particular part and asking Mr. A about any abnormal feeling in that part like pain in limb in arthritis. Rectal examination should be performed to assess bloody stool because in inflammatory bowel disease, there is occurrence of bloody diarrhea (Targan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2005). Diffential Diagnosis : Biomarker analysis: As IBD is inflammatory bowel disease further prediction of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis can be performed by inflammatory biomarker analysis like CRP, IL-6, INF gamma and IL-13. Immunologically Crohns disease is TH1 mediated inflammatory disease INF gamma predict about the occurrence of Crohns disease. On the other side, ulcerative colitis is TH2 medicated disease, IL13 predict about ulcerative colitis. Even tough, CRP doesnt give clear differentiation between Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, it has been found that CRP levels are slightly higher in Crohns disease than ulcerative colitis. Serum IL6 levels are also slightly higher in Crohns disease than ulcerative colitis. Serum biomarker as diagnostic test should be performed initially because it is simple test and it give good prediction without much complication to the patient. From biomarker analysis, it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Lewis, 2011; Iskandar et al., 2012). Cross-sectional imaging: Cross-sectional imaging can be helpful in the identification of the stage of the inflammatory bowel disease. This includes tools like ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and barium contrast radiology. Decision on the selction of the tool for cross-sectional imaging depends on the patient condition, severity of the symptoms in the patient, availability of expertise and instrument. Along with the identification of location of the lession, cross-sectional imaging is also helpful in the evaluation of the thickness of the colonic wall and examination of the different layers of the colonic wall. This analysis of each wall of the colonic wall helps in the differential diagnosis of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis because Crohns disease occurs throughout all the layers of colonic wall and ulcerative colitis occurs in the inner layer of the colonic wall. These imaging techniques also helpful in the assessment of presence or absence of colonic lymph nodes From cross sectional imaging, it is evident that Mr. has ulcerative colitis (Braveman et al., 2004; Tekkis et al., 2005). Ileo-colonoscopy : Ileo-colonoscopy helpful in the differential diagnosis in the inflammatory bowel disease because in this examination patient with Crohns disease exhibits discontinuous inflammation of colonic wall, lesions and cobblestoning of the mucosa. On the other side, ulcerative colitis exhibits erosions,continuous inflammation, microulcers and granularity in the mucosa. From Ileo-colonoscopy it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Dignass et al., 2012). Histopathology : For the differential diagnosis of the inflammatory bowel disease, histopathology was performed from the two specimens from the five sites of the colon of the colon, rectum and terminal ileum. In histopatological analysis, Crohns disease exhibits architectural and inflammatory changes which depicts discontinuous alterations throughout the colon, focal cryptitis, inflammation of the lamina propria and mucin deposition. Ulceratice colitis exhibits paneth cell metaplasiain the distal part of the colon, depletion of mucin, inflammatory cell infiltration throughout the mucosa, distorted crypts and surface erosions. From histopathological analysis it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Magro et al., 2013). Upper endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is helpful in the patients with suspected Crohns disease because this particular disease of the inflammatory bowel disease is related to the upper gastrointestinal tract. This diagnostic tool is not valid exclusivity for Crohns disease because upper endoscopy is also useful for the diagnosis of the Helicobacter pylori infection, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and gastric adenocarcinoma. This diagnostic test was rejected in Mr. A because other above performed tests clerly indicated occurrence of ulcerative colitis in Mr. A (Annese et al., 2013). Small-bowel endoscopy: Small-bowel endoscopy is also specifically useful for the examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hnece, this test was also not considered for the diffential diagnosis of Mr. A, because in other diagnostic tests it was confirmed that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Flamant et al., 2013). Conclusion: In the health assessment of Mr. A, stepwise approach was followed starting from the collection of the history of Mr. A in terms of family history and medical history. In this it was identified that Mr. A has very unhealthy lifestyle which was responsible for the multiple disease in M. A like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, liver disease and his condition was like a patient with metabolic syndrome. As, he was consuming medications for these conditions, his most of the health issues in the past are in control now. It is evident from the tests performed for diabetes, blood pressure and liver function test. Recently he was suffering from the intense stomach pain and bloody diarrhea. Hence, it was predicted that Mr. was suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease comprised of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, specific diagnosis was performed for Mr. A by applying differential diagnosis. In the diffential diagnosis it is evident that Mr.A is suffer ing from the ulcerative colitis. References: Annese, V., Daperno, M., Rutter, M.D., Amiot, A., Bossuyt, P., East, J. (2013). European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 7(12), 982-1018. Braveman, J.M., Schoetz, D.J., Marcello, P.W., Roberts, P.L., et al. (2004). The fate of the ileal pouch in patients developing Crohns disease. Diseases of the Colon Rectum, 47, 16131619. Cohen, R. D. (2003). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Springer Science Business Media. Dignass, A., Eliakim, R., Magro, F., Maaser, C., Chowers, Y., et al. (2012). Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 6, 965990. Fischbach, F.T., Barnett, M. (2009). A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. (8th ed.). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Flamant, M., Trang, C., Maillard, O., Sacher-Huvelin, S., Le Rhun, M., Galmiche, J.P., Bourreille, A. (2013). The prevalence and outcome of jejunal lesions visualized by small bowel capsule endoscopy in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 19(7), 1390-6. Iskandar, H.N., Ciorba, M.A. (2012). Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease: current practices and recent advances. Translational Research, 159, 313325. Jensen, S. (2010). Pocket Guide for Nursing Health Assessment: A Best Practice Approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Lewis, J, D. (2011). The utility of biomarkers in the diagnosis and therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 140:18171826.e2. Magro, F., Langner, C., Driessen, A., Ensari, A., Geboes, K., et al. (2013). European consensus on the histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 7(10), 827-51. Novelline, R. A., Squire, L. F. (2004). Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. (6th ed.). Harvard University Press. Targan, S.R., Shanahan, F. Karp, LC. (2007). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Springer Science Business Media. Tekkis, P.P, Heriot, A.G., Smith, O., Smith, J.J., Windsor, A.C., Nicholls, R.J. (2007). Long-term outcomes of restorative proctocolectomy for Crohns disease and indeterminate colitis. Colorectal Disease, 7, 218223. Tontini, G.E., Vecchi, M., Pastorelli, L., Neurath, M.F., Neumann, H. (2015). Differential diagnosis in inflammatory bowel disease colitis: state of the art and future perspectives. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(1), 21-46.

A Way Of Life essays

A Way Of Life essays "A way of life." Many people use this expression as a way to talk about their subsistence and how they perceive their everyday life. What they fail to recognize, however, is the fact that their way of living is connected in a much broader category than they think. Anthropologists study these categories broad, narrow, present, and past to try and find out what exactly a "way of life" was for individual cultures. By studying these cultures Anthropologists try and deduce different methods of survival. They have also discovered a few major social institutions that all cultures have a common bond together. These social institutions are the basis for which culture is founded. In order for a culture to become distinct from other cultures it has to apply different rules and change around these institutions. Anthropologists use these social institutional changes to understand the development of a culture and their way of being. They research these processes through fieldwork mostly. By using fieldwork as a means of research they can directly observe, interview, survey, and then analyze the situation. This gives them the advantage of seeing with their own eyes what happens within a culture. Fieldwork and the analysis of the fieldwork will be the basis on which this paper will investigate the social institution of subsistence and economics among a subgroup of our culture. One of the defining aspects of culture is subsistence. Through subsistence you can find out how a culture has survived or what they did wrong that caused them to become extinct. This is based on the fact that a group has to adapt to their environment for the basic elements needed to survive. These basic elements are: food, shelter, technology, and clothing (clothes are necessary in some environments). How a group utilizes their environment places them into one of the four categories of subsistence styles. These four known categories are: hunting and gathering, fish...

What is the “Prove It” Test

What is the â€Å"Prove It† Test You’ve been invited to take a Kenexa â€Å"Prove It† Test, which means it’s time to put your money where your mouth is in terms of your Microsoft Office skills. This test will help you demonstrate your abilities with programs like Word and Excel, as well as identifying any particular strengths or weaknesses. What’s on ItThe aim of this test is to â€Å"prove† that you have the skills and ability to use Microsoft Office at your new job without too much guidance or prep. Potential employers want to get a sense of what you know and whether or not you’ll be able to hit the ground running with administrative skills as soon as you start.For example, in the past, the Excel exam has tested the following skills:Opening a workbookInserting/deleting columns and rowsChanging font styles/sizesFormatting cells as currency/decimalsUsing the sum/average functionsAligning textSaving/printingAligning textCreating bordersRenaming a WorksheetChanging column widt hInserting a chart or worksheetWrapping textMerging cellsSorting by different valuesAdding headers/footersAs you can see, this is a basic overview of all the things you can do within the program. Make sure you have a good sense of all these basics, and more. The aim is not to be tentative about anything when you go in on test day- you want to be able to complete every request without much pause or confusion.How to PrepareIt can increase your confidence and help you practice. Even if you’re sure you know how to use Word, Excel, and Powerpoint, you need to make sure you don’t panic and forget everything under the pressure of an official test of your skills.Use a site like JobTestPrep to prepare with free sample questions and tips for test-taking. Or opt for a Kenexa PrepPack in which you can take a variety of tests and assessments online- with timed tests and score reports and everything. The detailed answer explanations are particularly useful for cementing concepts tha t you might not yet quite fully understand.Finally, check out this collection of YouTube Microsoft tutorials for all areas of Office. Whatever you need, that page has you covered.The ExamOnce you get to the actual exam, know that you’ll have 14 days to take your assessments. The length of each varies- from 15-30 minutes for non-technical assessments, to 45-60 minutes for more technical ones. The assessments are not timed, but this is the average amount of time needed to take them.You can’t skip any questions or return to previous screens to change your answers. But you can take the assessment again- as many times as you wish. Employers will not have access to your results, though a staffing agency might ask you to take one of these tests to determine what you’re best at- which skills on your resume are provable, and where you might match best.Good luck on your test! May you get the job you seek and prove you have what it takes.

Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Growth - Essay Example The economic growth of Singapore is not that strong and sustaining. This is because, Singapore’s population is growing at a slow rate that the current economic plan cannot sustain. The available productive population is not enough to produce goods and services that can support the large old and unproductive population. More to that is Singapore had is limited in terms of land availability and has limited supply of water. This makes it hard to sustain its economy as a lot revenue earned is spend in purchasing this resources rather than developing the economy of that nation (Abeysinghe & Choy, 7). However, it has to be concluded that, though Singapore’s economic growth has not attained a level in which it can be referred to us strong and sustaining, its economy has grown tremendously since 2013. The Economic Development Board of Singapore is committed to achieve better and better investment strategies every year while striving to generate jobs for citizens of Singapore. In order for Singapore to grow economically, it should focus on ensuring that it records a high level of GDP and GNI. This is because these are the indicators of performance of a nation. Therefore, in order for Singapore to increase its GDP per capita. This is well attained by ensuring that Singaporeans are advised to consume the locally produced commodities. Consumption of foreign commodities should be limited since purchase involving such commodities lead to loss of local income. Moreover, Singaporeans should be encouraged to make investments. Investments are a way of ensuring that the local currency circulates appropriately within the economy and therefore reduces the imbalance between the poor and the rich (Koh, 2). In addition to that, government of Singapore is advised to increases its expenditure in generating job opportunities and establishment of social amenities like hospitals, schools, road networks, that will

Financial Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Report - Research Paper Example Also, the company has an enviable customer base that is extremely loyal towards the iOS platform. The company has maintained historical records of maintaining a customer retention percentage of more than 90%. The analysts and the investors are considering Apple as a strong buy based on the Fibonacci model. The Fibonacci retracements state that the stock prices follow a trend of rising strongly, then falling down to a lower price followed by a significant upturn. This justifies the fall of the stock prices in the fourth quarter of 2012 followed by a steep rise in the stock prices starting from the first quarter of 2013. Apple is considered as a fundamentally and technically strong company ideal for investment in its stocks (Edwards, 2007). The value driven mutual funds consider Apple as an important stock for investment and almost 40% of these mutual funds hold positions in Apple with more than USD 1 billion of assets. The biggest investors of the world are expected to accelerate the growth of shareholder value of Apple through buy backs and dividend pay-outs. The balance sheet of Apple is strong with zero debt value and high cash reserves of more than USD 1.45 billion. Around 74% of the analysts in the Wall Street hold a strong buy on the shares of Apple Inc. Moreover, the company is projected to surpass the earnings expectations by the end of the last quarter of 2013. The stocks of Apple Inc. represent more than 13% of the 100 stocks in NASDAQ and remain the most famous stock to invest by the hedge funds. Ratio analysis   Ratio Analysis for Apple Inc. Ratios 2013 2012 2011 Return on assets 0.18 0.24 0.22 Current ratio 1.68 1.50 1.61 Quick ratio 1.64 1.48 1.58 Debt Equity ratio 0.68 0.49 0.52 Debt ratio 0.40 0.33 0.34 Price earnings ratio 13.96 11.75 13.77 EPS 39.75 44.15 27.68 Working Capital 29628000 19111000 17018000 Return on Assets The Return on Assets percentage indicates the profitability of the assets of a business in terms of earning revenue for the business (Brown, 2003). Ideally, the return on assets should be greater than 5%. In the case of Apple Inc. the ratio of net income to total assets decreases from 22% in 2011 to 24% in 2012 and to 18% in 2013. The return on assets ratio for Apple is quite high compared to the industry standards and indicates that the business is efficient in employing the stakeholder’s assets in generating income. The better use of the assets i.e. debt and equity in a business is represented by a higher percentage of ROA. Though the ROA percentages of Apple Inc. have decreased from 2011 to 2013, yet the investors would consider 18% ROA as a positive factor for investing in the stocks of Apple Inc. Current ratio Current ratio is used to measure how equipped the business ids to pay off its short term obligations like payables and debts using the current assets in the business like inventory, cash and other receivables. Current ratio is simply calculated by dividing the current assets by the curr ent liabilities which include short term debts and other liabilities that are due within a period of less than a year. An ideal current ratio is valued at 2:1. The current ratios of Apple Inc. are measured at 1.61 in 2011, 1.50 in 2012 and 1.68 in 2013. Thus, the current ratios of Apple Inc. are strong over the three years indicating that the business

Comparison of French and German Cinema, 1930-1945

Comparison of French and German Cinema, 1930-1945 Introduction The dissertation aims to analyse the effects of totalitarian politics on the cinematic tradition of two of Europes most cultured nations, Germany and France. The study of cinema during the time period, 19301945 is a highly relevant discussion; one which is infrequently dissected by serious academic debate largely due to the lack of literature on the subject in comparison to studies pertaining to the effects of fascism upon other implements of the state, in particular religion and the military. Perhaps film students of the West still find it difficult to comprehend the fact that the Nazis were such a long way in front of their competitors when it came to the influence of National Socialist propaganda on the German people. As early as 1928 Hitler had come to understand the fundamental power of utilising modern forms of propaganda in paving the way for tyrannical rule, as he outlines in a speech dated 28 November (1999:151). The more one addresses only one social class, the easier it becomes to make promises. One knows from the beginning what each class wants If you are always only addressing yourself to one category, then political propaganda becomes infinitely easy. Certainly, in tandem with pervasive fascist symbolism and the dissolution of democratic political debate, the saturation of all forms of contemporary media was the key factor in Hitlers total seduction of the German nation. As such, the topic is relevant for the twenty first century where dictators still maintain power over illeducated people whose information is pumped into them via state propaganda machines that feed off insecurity, prejudice and paranoia, as modernday Zimbabwe currently illustrates. The study will be split into chapters as cited on the title page with the aim of creating an advanced understanding of how the Nazis used cinema as a tool of tricking the German people into believing concepts such as Lebensraum and the Jewish Question were issues of national urgency. The study will likewise examine the role of the Vichy collaborators in the seduction of French people, citing the essential similarities and differences of the two in terms of filmic content and production techniques. Clearly, as the instigator of right wing cinema as a political tool of mass hysteria, the German model will be first to be discussed, though the point should be made straight away that the Vichy Regime was not merely coerced into collaboration: there was active and passionate interest in France in fascist ideology with plenty of Vichy statesmen wishing to follow the path set about by the Hitler State. At no point should it be believed that Vichy cinema was a symptom of the occupation; it wa s, and remains, a marker for French sociopolitical beliefs at the time. Famous and infamous films such as Jean Renoirs La Grande Illusion, Bertolt Brechts Kuhle Wampe and Marcel Carnes Les Enfants du Paradis will be featured within the dissertation, citing specific examples from the movies to highlight how dissenters managed to voice their disapproval in highly subtle fashions that were unique to the extreme fear experienced in fascist Europe at the time. Comparisons between movie production under the influence of occupation, dictatorship, peacetime and war will provide fuel for the debate within. A conclusion will be sought as to the overall features that appear uniform within right wing film making, in addition to citing the subtle differences in the experience of movie production under the spectre of totalitarianism, as witnessed in Germany and France between 1930 and 1945. Chapter One: The effect of fascism on German Culture, 19301945 The short lived Weimar Republic is a source of great fascination for students not only of history but also of art, culture and society. Its relevance is in its oddity: the strange timeframe it fits into either side of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Nazi State, two of the most suffocating and frustrating regimes in European history in terms of creative and artistic achievement. The Weimar Republic was responsible for a brief burgeoning of liberal German film making, art, sculpture, music, theatre and culture that was the envy of the western world at the time. Perversely, the strict socioeconomic conditions of the day appeared to ensure that the Republic would be as frivolous as it was unfortunate; as daring as it was politically unstable. Yet, as Elssaesser (2000:151) suggests, Weimar cinema may also have made it easier for Hitler to cast his cinematic spell on the German people. What has become abundantly clear is that the cinema permeated Weimar society as a very contradictory cultural force, at once part of oppositional Modernist avantgardes and in the forefront of capitalisms own modernising tendencies (as technology, industry and fashion) and for this very reason, invested with the hopes of revolutionary changes while susceptible to being used as the instrument for their containment (in the form of specular seduction, nostalgia, propaganda.) Diversity was the key to Weimar Cinema; it was an expression of multicultural Europe that was unfortunately located in the wrong place and time. With the Prussian aristocracy, disillusioned exmilitary personnel and marginalised masses of unemployed, the Weimar Republic was insufficiently prepared to withstand a structured coup from within when it inevitably came. Furthermore, the liberalism of the Republic gave added ammunition to the nascent Nazi State, giving Hitler and his propaganda minister, Josef Goebbels a readymade scapegoat for the deplorable state of German infrastructure during the early part of the 1930s. Indeed, it was Goebbels (1993:159) who highlighted the condition of the German nation before the National Socialists came to power in 1933 the state of the nation according to fascist eyes. Had it not been for the National Revolution, Germany would have been completely swissified, a nation of hotel porters and waiters, a nation having no political sense whatsoever that had lost any idea of its own historical significance. The effect of a onedimensional, intensely political approach to cultural affairs meant a surgical shift in the prism through which German society charted its progress between 1918 and 1933, and 1933 to 1945. Most art and film historians see the change that occurred in German culture after 1933, with the infamous burning of the books (May 1933) and mass emigration of a wealth of indigenous creative talent, as symptomatic of authoritarianism throughout the world. Bland, repetitive instances of film making and culture took the place of innovation and the first seedlings of avantgarde technique. Aesthetics and the human form took on added significance. Heavy handed plot lines guided the viewer of both art and cinema along a straightforward journey to the ideological heart of work without trusting the audience with the even the slightest semblance of individual reasoning. These are the popular images of authoritarian art forms promulgated after the defeat of fascism in Europe. Yet it would be incorrect to assume that German film making after 1933 was merely an exercise in retrospective propaganda studies; as shall be discussed in following chapters, Goebbels was fond of puncturing all genres of movies with National Socialist ideals with the result that a kaleidoscope of imagery is available to the twenty first century film student, each portraying a different vision of the fascist dream. It should come as little surprise to students of history to see a broad similarity between movies made in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia: both countries relied upon eradicating the opposition and portraying the leader in an invincible light. Censorship at home and at the national borders also meant that fewer foreign films were being shown; those very few that made it past the German borders having to be screened first by the Nazis in order to gain an audience inside of Germany. Furthermore, the considerable risk that a film maker ran of being arrested, taken to concentration camp or even killed because of making a statement that the Nazi hierarchy did not favour was too great for all but the most ideologically driven of artists to bear. The result was an exodus of talent from Germany and a narrowing of vision to the extent that diversity, as a description of German cinema, became a complete misnomer. Art and cinema in the Third Reich were thus reduced to an entity in support of the regime; the hand over of the baton of creativity to autocracy was assisted by the state overhaul of existing cultural ministries. As part of the broader policy of Gleischaltung (coordination) the Reich Chamber of Culture (established in November 1933) oversaw this new breed of politicised movie making and art that presented a ludicrously perfect form of the Aryan man, engaged in the typical German pursuits of sport, work and family, as Seligmann et al (2003:50) detail. Images depicted Germans not just as modern day heroes but also as the heirs to Europes greatest cultural and imperial tradition, that of Alexander the Great and Caesar. As Aryans and National Socialists were elevated to the status of hero, so the Nazis used cinema and indeed every tool of popular culture at its disposal to reenforce the slide of the enemy into the sociological abyss. Over a short period of time, the Jews took over from the Weimar Republic and the Communists as the central target of Nazi abuse as one by one the political enemies of the state were made obsolete, leaving the racial enemies of the state as the sole carriers of the burden of national pariahs. Propaganda and film would play a disconcertingly influential role in the social facilitation of the Holocaust the essential psychological background whereby a nation might be made complicit in mass, statesponsored murder. As the violence and oppression against the Jews (and against gypsies, the handicapped and homosexuals) was increased, so the state began to use film and culture as a means to making the population complicit in their racial crimes. Reichskristallnacht (89 November 1938), for example, was a stateignited campaign of hatred against Jewry that was completed by the ordinary German people, a spontaneous orgy of destruction that would have been unimaginable were it not for the driptap effect of incessant fascist film making and media saturation, as Kershaw (2000:1412) underscores. The scale and nature of the savagery, and the apparent aim of maximising degradation and humiliation, reflected the success of propaganda in demonising the figure of the Jew certainly within the organisations of the Party itself and massively enhanced the process, underway since Hitlers takeover of power, of dehumanising Jews and excluding them from German society a vital step on the way to genocide. Der Erwige Jude (The Eternal Jew), the most extreme example of film utilised as a weapon of war, was a blatant and extreme vision of the life of common Jewry; the degradation of the living condition in the Warsaw Ghettoes providing the inspiration for the movies creator, Josef Goebbels who visited the area in 1940. The film portrayed Jews as vermin, cementing the belief in the viewer (coupled with state newspaper and radio) that the Jews were not only the enemy of the state but, more importantly, subhuman. As with all aspects of Nazi Germany, the murderous end effect can only be understood by taking the gradual desensitisation of the nation into account, a phenomenon that propaganda and film were instrumental in helping to bring about. Chapter Two: Occupied France: Vichy Collaboration in Moulding the Image of Fascist Europe The French experience of film was, until the continentwide rise of fascism, much the same as in Germany even if there were also fundamental differences between the two countries that made the transition from democracy to authoritarianism a more traumatic experience for the French, one that the nation has still not fully come to terms with. To start with, France, more than any other European nation, is synonymous with high culture, art and vision, characterised as the trend setting nation for creativity throughout the western world. Via Marcel Duchamp, for example, France was home to the origination of abstract art, his sculpture, Fountain (1917) often cited as a watershed in art and visual intention in the history of the West. In addition, France had dictatorship thrust upon it in a different way to the Germans. Clearly, autocracy can only arise from it being forcibly imposed on a population, yet in Germany it was Germans taking control of their own people, whereas, after the symbolic signing of the armistice on 22 June 1940, the French were dictated to by Germany from the vantage point of a vanquished nation. Therefore, there was more a sense of cultural partition between France in the 1930s and France in the 1940s that was not the case over the Alsace border into Germany. This starting point of a nation being defeated in war has been, ultimately, the greatest stumbling block regarding a better historical comprehension of the excesses of Vichy both from within and outside of French borders: for as long as the French were willing to rewrite history to paint the picture of a demoralised people who were fundamentally opposed to the right wing ideology of National Socialism, the country would be unable to see its true reflection. However, after the accumulation of two generations of historiography, Vichy was gradually deemed to be an active collaborator in the extremism that was witnessed in French culture and politics between 1940 and 1945 rather than a government coerced into cooperation. Marshall Pà ©tain may have been little more than a puppet figurehead, but he represented a large sector of conservative France that wished to eradicate the achievements of the artistic and philosophical endeavour of the early twentieth century so as to reembrace outmod ed notions of colonial France. Indeed, the right wing bloc who made up the core of the Vichy government were sympathetic to the anti-Semitic views of the Nazis the botched military trial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus for spying in 1894 highlighting a chequered history of a country that had barely bothered to even notice its own deeply resentful views concerning the Jews. The official separation of Church and State by law in 1905 merely paid lip service to a deepseated problem of prejudice in France. Although France had changed geographically, ethnically, politically and culturally between the two decades, a certain sense of continuity is detectable in French cinema of the period, which was certainly not the case in Germany. This was due to a combination of German censorship and genuine Vichy desire to ignore the shameful effect of the Occupation. As JeanPierre Jeancolas attests in his essay on the 1945 Vichy sponsored picture, Les Enfants du Paradis (2000:78), the realism that French cinema was so famous for showed no signs of cracking after 1940. The occupation of France in 1940, the control direct or indirect of its cinema by the German forces, condemned use of the present tense. Fiction films were allowed, at best, to portray a kind of vague present day, a period which had the appearance of the present, but not its singular hardships: the cars or the costumes are of 1943, but the French are depicted in light-hearted romantic entanglements, stories that never show the daily problems of finding food, or the presence of Nazi uniforms. Mention must be made of the division in France after her capitulation in 1940. Put simply, the country was split into half via north and south, whereby Paris, Brittany and the northern shores were deemed to be part of a territory called Free France, while the southern part of the nation, including major cities such Marseilles and Bordeaux (both of which had large ethnic and Jewish communities) was placed under the control of the Vichy Government. Vichy struggled to unite the two divisions until 1943 at the earliest, a time which signalled an increase in French resistance as, after the Battle of Stalingrad (February 1943) the sense of a slow protracted capitulation in the East led to a renewed sense of optimism in the West. It is important, therefore, to recognise the difficulty in defining a singular French brand of cinema after 1940. There were noticeable anomalies in how the Germans treated the two main zones. Newsreel propaganda, for instance, was different: in the Occupied Zone, cinemas screened antiBritish German newsreels, while in the Unoccupied Zone, Vichy largely steered clear of any mention of the war of the German presence in France at all. It is likewise important to recognise that the Vichy propaganda machine was not under the same level of autocratic control as was the case in Germany. There was no allpowerful figurehead to rival Goebbels in France. Pierre Laval was the clearest comparison to him but the Deputy Prime Minister spent much of his time in Paris negotiating with the Germans. In addition, Laval believed fervently in the power of broadcast media as the fundamental tool to seduce a weary population, neglecting largely the cinema and music. Furthermore, Laval delegated control of the propaganda machine to Paul Marion after 1942, which meant a discernible lack of leadership. A comparable model to Goebbels extensive communications system cannot be found in Vichy France. However, this does not mean to say that the Vichy Government was without persuasion or an ideology of its own. Although Occupied France was under the control of Germany, Vichy was given leeway in terms of national reeducation and, as the administration grew more secure in the southern part of the country (coinciding with entire divisions of German troops leaving France to fight on the increasingly demoralising Eastern Front), so a discernibly French model of fascism was seen in all walks of life, extending quickly to the national movie community. Continuity in all areas is the chief characteristic of Vichy cinema. As beforehand, Paris remained the creative hub of wartime France; many of the cast and directors of the films of the thirties remained to star in Vichy pictures. Jean Gabin and Michele Morgan were two big name stars who fled the country, but the rest mostly remained in France and continued to work. The Germans did not permit French films to cross the demarcation line until February 1941 when it became apparent that the same stifling effect of authoritarianism was prevalent in French as well as German cinema: there was no question of antiGerman films being shown because they were not being made. As a rule, movies produced during the Vichy years were unanimously nostalgic. As in the 1930s, many of the movies of the early 1940s were scripted around the French experience of World War One, characterising the recent experiences of the nation in the form of one actor or actress. The core Vichy values of family, la patrie and duty were cited in almost every film of the period, such as La Voile Bleue (1942), an anachronistic view of rural southern France that was the biggest commercial success of the forties in France. However, as Julian Jackson (2001:3201) details and contrary to popular belief, there was not a plethora of explicit right wing propaganda present in films made on the fascist side of the Vichy watershed. Paradoxically, many themes that one might expect to have figured more prominently after 1940, almost disappeared from the screen. Before 1940, many French films contained critical portrayals of British characters; after 1940 the British are absent. Before 1940 films had frequently depicted Germans sympathetically; after 1940, despite collaboration, Germans almost disappear from the screen. In the 1930s, antagonism to foreigners had been a frequent theme; after 1940 it was less present. Most surprisingly of all, whereas hostile depictions of Jews had proliferated in the 1930s, they are almost absent after 1940 As far as feature films are concerned, if they reflect anything different from the films of the 1930s it is Vichys desperate wish to believe the outside world did not exist. If a viewer was unaware of the historical subtext of the films produced during the 1930s and 1940s in France, they would not know occupation occurred at any point. But perhaps this was precisely the point: to cover over the huge dent in national pride at having to endure occupation by pretending that it did not exist. Learning from Goebbels, Vichy would also have been aware that, regarding propaganda, less can often mean more. Chapter Three: Josef Goebbels and the Intervention of Propaganda Cinema Unlike in France where a clear line of cinematic continuity can be traced, in Germany there is little doubt that movies made pre1933 would not be funded under Nazi rule. Kuhle Wampe (1932), for instance, was a decidedly Weimar production. The film was written and coproduced by Bertolt Brecht who was known within Germany to be a left wing film maker and sympathiser, yet one who did not favour the heavyhanded film making approach, as the following excerpt (1996:138) underscores. This way of subordinating everything to a single idea, this passion for propelling the spectator along a single track where he can look neither right nor left, up nor down, is something that the new school of play righting must reject. Betraying such antiauthoritarian views, it is no surprise that Kuhle Wampe turned out to be a socialist classic, an art house production made all the more poignant due to the cusp of the historical wave upon which contemporary Germany was riding. Brechts vision of a utopian community that rejects pricefixing and imperialism has been viewed as the last independent breathe of Weimar culture the final flourish before people such as the writer left Germany forever. Films such as Kuhle Wampe, as well as The Threepenny Opera, Kameradschaft and The Blue Angel all produced between 1930 and 1932 ensured that the shift, when it inevitably came, towards the right was all the more transparent because pictures such as these simply ceased to exist in Germany after 1933. Propaganda and cinema were married in the Third Reich like never before. Deconstruction of the pluralist approach of Weimars brief democratic tradition was the first step the Nazis took in reconfiguring the German nation in their own distorted image, followed inevitably by the edification of a new mythology, built exclusively around the twin pillars of the ubiquitous power of the Fuhrer and the antiGerman predilections of the communists and international Jewry. At first, of the two, the Fuhrer Myth was the most important solidifying effect in the Nazi consolidation of power. Hitler had learnt from Mussolini the herald of Fascism according to Hugh TrevorRoper (1995:174) that a tyrant could exert sole control over a modern, industrial European country but only via eliminating all competing iconography and elevating the leader to a quasireligious status, which could only be achieved by extensive propaganda exercises. As Ian Kershaw (1998:289) explains, the all encompassing image of Hitler portrayed in banners across German cities, in schools and in cinemas throughout the nation was vital not only in securing the stability of the Nazi State but also in making a subliminal connection between himself and the traditional heroes of German history within the broader national consciousness. For Hitler himself, the Fuhrer myth was both a propaganda weapon and a central tenet of belief. His own greatness could be implicitly but unmistakably underscored by repeated reference to Bismarck, Frederick the Great and Luther. Initially, even Goebbels was taken aback by the way in which the Nazis were able to instil their extremism throughout the country. A process that should have been osmotic took place with astonishing rapidity, as the Propaganda Minister (1996:41) himself explained in April 1933. What we are now experiencing is only the transfer of our own dynamism and legality to the state. This is taking place with such breathtaking speed that one scarcely has any time to call his own. Goebbels considered himself to be a man of culture and the filmmakers that he most admired did not come from the right wing stock that one would naturally associate with the Propaganda Minister. For example, Goebbels was a big fan of American cinema and he privately thought that the film making industry in the United States was far ahead of German production to that point. One of his favourite movies, although he denounced it in public, was Gone with the Wind, and he was likewise a great fan of the icon of Soviet propagandist cinema, Eisensteins Battleship Potemkin. Within the broader sphere of German film making during the period 1935 to 1945, Goebbels was the most important man in the country. All of the guidelines pertaining to film production in the postsilent era were rewritten after the Nazis seized power. As ever, culture and film became officially politicised and, as a by-product of Gleischaltung, the movie production apparatus fell into the hands of the Reich Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda. Therefore, without Goebbels patronage a film would never make it past the level of script. His control was absolute, even extending to the question of financing production. Whereas under the Weimar Republic censorship and rating were separate bodies, the Nazis held onto both principles offering a tax rebate for positive film ratings, thus exerting considerable financial pressure on production companies that persisted in making unsatisfactory films. Reuth (1993:1945), in his rich biography of Goebbels, details the full extent of his control over movie making in Germany during this period, a description of a cultural power more potent than any available to the leader of each of the German Armed Forces. He had lists prepared of his favourite actors, as well as of Hitlers. He also kept close track of upandcoming talent, which he insisted on seeing for himself producers also depended on Goebbels favour, for he had created a comprehensive apparatus that allowed him to intervene in all phases of film production. The film department in the Propaganda Ministry, whose director Ernst Seeger served simultaneously as head of the office of film standards, oversaw production planning. All screenplays were examined for appropriate artistic and intellectual attitudes He [Goebbels] read film scripts almost every evening, and not infrequently revised them according to his own notions, using a green ministers pencil that became infamous among directors. Only after he had approved a project could the Film Credit Bank respond to a request for financing. Goebbels would even intervene in the shooting, often dropping in on studio, checking the rushes, and rating the finished product. From October 1935 on , he alone determined which films would be banned. Goebbels was the first head of communications anywhere in the autocratic world to understand the power of cinema in seducing a country; combined with his absolute control over all areas of broadcasting, films would see to it that Germans saw no other image of themselves apart from the vision in his mind for over ten years. However, this is not to state that films made in Germany during this period ought to be dismissed as wasteful propaganda, good for nothing but a lens through which to view National Socialist ideals. As will become apparent, a great many German productions of this time were goodhumoured, light hearted affairs that do not conform to the preconceived notion of a nation forced to watch endless versions of Der Erwige Jude and similarly dark depictions of dictatorship. Although many films were made that were instantly recognisable as party political broadcasts, such as Patrioten (1937), there were likewise others that provided a more panoramic view of Germanys splintered cultural psyche during the Third Reich. The following two chapters will examine two polar opposites of Third Reich cinema Heimatfilme and Exilfilme two bookends of the typically Nazi notion of home and abroad. As always when revisiting the ideology of National Socialism, there was very little room for any grey area in between extremes Chapter Four: Heimatfilme 47.8 per cent of the films produced during the Third Reich were comedies, 27 per cent were problem films, 11.2 per cent were adventure stories and only 14 per cent were considered outright propaganda films (Reuth, 1993:283). One of the most cherished German films of all time, Die Feuerzangenbowle (1944) was made during the darkest most desperate days of the war when all but the most closeted and narrow minded of Nazis could see that the war was never going to end in a German victory. The story, involving a mature student who never got to enjoy the hilarity of public school, could not have been, aesthetically and emotionally, further away from the politics of the time. But that was the point all along. By manipulating the mood of the audience, the Nazi propaganda state could change focus as and when external events demanded it. Die Feuerzangenbowle, for instance, might never have been produced if it was created during the honeymoon period of the early years of the dictatorship. Clearly, propaganda can be inserted into a storyline via more subtle camera and plot techniques and this is how Goebbels set about reenforcing core ideals into the German film loving audience. According to Reuth (1993:284), Goebbels and the Nazi propaganda machine preferred a more pervasive approach to political persuasion, especially concerning the most important issue of armed conflict on two fronts. Goebbels saw to it that the war, which became the main theme in films from 1939 on, was linked to the most varied genres, so as to make indoctrination of the audience imperceptible and keep the medium of film attractive. As he expected of all his propaganda ideally, so too in film, one and the same message was to be conveyed over and over again under constantly varied aspects. Of all the creative, cinematic options open to Goebbels, the most popular genre favoured by the Nazi hierarchy was the Heimatfilme, a uniquely German cinematic experience that played on the national obsession with the homeland. Apart from Austria, no other European country has the same nostalgic disposition towards artistic portrayal of the homeland quite like Germany. Because the nation was only unified after the FrancoPrussian War in 1871, successive generations of German film makers consistently looked back to the patriarchal preindustrial period inciting dreamy landscapes and a simple way of life to try to evoke the sense of longing the displaced German people of the countryside may have felt before unification. Manuala Von Papen (1999:12) highlights the reasons why Heimatfilme appealed to the Nazi leadership. This seems to be a genre virtually exclusive to the German-speaking countries and therefore untranslatable. Heimat means home, but also much more than that; it also stands for the entirety of ones cultural, social, ethical and historical heritage and provides an individual, a group of a whole nation with their identity, their Heimatgefà ¼hl. Clearly, the notions of volk (people) and heimat (home) were central concepts to the longevity of National Socialism. By combining the two, Heimatfilme leant the Nazis the opportunity to pander to the broader European taste for nostalgia as well as reenforcing the belief that Hitler was the true defender of German interests abroad. In a revolutionary move in light of the despotism of the regime, the Third Reich severed the equation of dictatorship with brainwashing propaga